公路工程投标报价分析

报价水平是投标单位的综合实力与投标策略的反映。要解决既要中标、又要获利 ,市场价格与概预算定额的矛盾 ,就要从自身能力、施工技术装备费用、预期利润等多方面入手     

Road traffic conditions in Kenya: Exploring the policies and traffic cultures from unstructured user-generated data using NLP

Road traffic accidents (RTA) are a prevalent cause of fatality with African countries having the highest fatality index (25–34 per quota). The World Health Organization estimates Kenya's fatality rate due to RTA at 28 per quota. From literature, the country's fatality and injuries have increased by 26% and 46.5%, respectively, since the year 2015. The country is faced with incomplete RTA data capturing, hindering effective planning and policy adjustments to curb the menace. In this paper, we scrapped user-generated data (Twitter) and national transport and safety authority's (NTSA) reports to shed light on traffic safety, practices, and cultures in the country. To this end, we gathered 1,000,000 tweets and 8000 speeding entries between 2015 and 2021 and performed natural language processing (NLP) and quantitative study of the data. We applied NLP and n-gram search of keywords to categorize data into 8 topics: traffic, public service vehicle (PSVs), policing, accident, infrastructure, recklessness, robbery, and corruption. From the data, policing, which touches on all police and law-enforcement-related activity was found to be highly correlated with PSVs, recklessness, accidents, traffic congestion, robbery, infrastructure, and corruption with indices of r(76) = 0.92, 0. 91, 0.87, 0.82, 0.81, 0.76, and 0.70, respectively with p < 0.001. The topic modeling confirmed the identified topics to be the latent discussion issues affecting the public. From the study, PSVs, policing and traffic flow were isolated as key issues that ought to be addressed immediately. The research recommended the integration of driver monitoring systems to strengthen policing. The research, which utilized unstructured data, points to the utility of data mining which would greatly benefit traffic research, particularly African-based studies, that suffer from data inadequacy.     

船用诱导通风装置流动特性计算分析及试验验证

本文针对某船用反吹风结构形式的诱导通风装置进行了射流特性数值及实验研究。基于诱导射程指标,首先进行了一维性能仿真初估,给出喷嘴的大致直径,并采用CFD技术对有无导流两种结构形式的喷嘴进行了射流特性仿真对比,确定采用有导流的喷嘴结构形式,进而对诱导通风装置的整机进行CFD仿真,确定了整机的压损、气流组织和射流特性,并与后期试验数据进行了对比,验证了设计和数值计算的准确性。本文给出了一种结合一维设计和三维仿真的诱导通风装置前期设计方法,能节省试验成本,可为后续不同性能指标的诱导通风装置提供设计参考。     

气囊法在公路隧道路面边沟中的应用

为解决施工人员无法进入构件内拆模以及难以控制构件内壁钢筋保护层厚度等施工难点,结合某隧道工程实例,通过从操作难易程度、质量控制和经济成本3个方面比较预制法与气囊法2种施工方法,得出气囊法在边沟施工过程中更安全、经济、高效的结论,并且能有效地保证边沟施工质量。     

Surface chlorophyll in the Black Sea over 1978–1986 derived from satellite and in situ data

Absolute values of chlorophyll a concentration and its spatial and seasonal variations in the Black Sea were assessed by using satellite CZCS and in situ data. Since the satellite CZCS had operated for the 1978–1986 period, CZCS data was used for assessing the past state of the Black Sea just before the onset of drastic changes observed in late 1980s. The approach used for the calculation of the absolute values of chlorophyll a concentration from CZCS data was based on the direct comparison of in situ chlorophyll a data and those of CZCS and by applying the algorithm developed for the transformation of CZCS data into chlorophyll a values. CZCS Level 2 data related with pigment concentration having a spatial resolution of 1 km at nadir were used. The daily Level 3 files were derived by binning Level 2 values into 4-km grid cells and the monthly and seasonal Level 3 files were created by averaging the daily Level 3 files over the corresponding period. In situ chlorophyll a data were obtained by spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods in 15 scientific cruises over the 1978–1986 period. Total number of ship-measured data used for the comparison with those CZCS values was 590.Chlorophyll a concentration (Chl) was derived from CZCS values (C) with regression equations Chl=kC; the coefficient of transformation k was calculated from six different data sets by taking into account distinctions between subregions and seasons. The reasons for difference in the k values have been analyzed.Statistical comparison of the chlorophyll a values measured in situ and those derived from CZCS data was based on log-transformed data and gave the following results: regression SLOPE=0.842, regression INTERCEPT=−0.081, coefficient of determination (R²)=0.806, root–mean–square ERROR=0.195. The mean monthly chlorophyll a distributions derived from CZCS data over 1978–1986 have been constructed and the mean seasonal chlorophyll a values in different regions have been calculated and analyzed. The significant difference in chlorophyll concentration between the western shelf regions and the open part of the Black Sea has been demonstrated, especially in warm season. At almost all seasons, the highest chlorophyll concentration is observed in the western interior shelf region which is under strong influence of Danube. The summer mean chlorophyll concentration in this region is 18 times higher than that in the open parts and about nine times higher than in the eastern shelf region. The greatest seasonal variations are observed in the open part of the Black Sea: chlorophyll concentration in cold season is four to six times higher than in summer and three to five times higher than in April and October. To the contrary, in the western interior shelf regions, the concentration is higher in May–October (about twice than that in November–March). Seasonal variations in the western outer shelf regions are smoothed out as compared with both the western interior shelf and the open regions.     

Efficient estimation of extreme long-term stresses by considering a combination of longitudinal bending stresses

Longitudinal stresses due to combined horizontal and vertical bending moments in ships, corresponding to a return period of 20 years, are estimated by linear response analysis. In principle, the stress should be obtained by combining the stress in all sea states that can occur over a long-term period. A method to determine the desired long-term extreme stress by considering only a few short-term sea states is presented. The sea states have a certain probability of occurrence, and are each identified by a contour line in the (H _s, T _p)-plane. This approach makes it possible to estimate the extreme loads on the vessel in a practical and accurate manner. Moreover, it is shown that the long-term stress can be estimated by combining the individual long-term extreme stresses due to vertical and horizontal bending moments by using the sum-of-squares approach and accounting for the correlation between stresses. It was found that the correlation coefficient can be taken as the largest of the ones calculated along the contour line. It is shown that this correlation coefficient can even be approximated by the normalized phase angle at the wave length where the dominant response has its peak value. A comparison with the results obtained using well-known combination rules is presented. While linear analysis has been used here, it is believed that the approach can be generalized to stresses with nonlinear behavior, and hence represent a significant improvement in calculation efficiency. Received: September 18, 2001 / Accepted: December 18, 2001     

大剂量VitC治疗慢性阻塞性肺病疗效观察

比较了常规治疗和常规加大剂量VitC治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）的疗效。结果显示：COPD加重期，加用大剂量VitC，能明显提高显效率，抑制血小板活化，改善肺功能和血气指标，未见明显副作用。提示，COPD加重期加用大剂量VitC是安全、有效的治疗方法。     

3～20 m桥整体横向移梁施工技术

研究目的:在第六次铁路提速施工中,调整线间距和缓和曲线长度引起多项桥梁改造项目。通过移梁可以 最大限度地发挥既有桥梁的使用功能,同时又能大大缩短提速改造施工的工期。 研究方法:本文详细介绍了在津浦线第六次提速改造施工中对3-20 m简支T梁的整体移梁施工技术,施 工中针对桥梁钢支座需埋设锚栓固定下摆的特点,根据现场实际情况,巧妙利用钢板固定既有钢桥支座,采用 竖向千斤顶和横向千斤顶相结合的普通施工方法,在不中断铁路交通运输,利用夜间列车运营“天窗点”的时 问,结合铁路线路拨道,安全正点地完成了大吨位桥梁的横向移设施工任务。 研究结果:使既有线满足了200 km／h运营速度的要求 研究结论:移梁后通过后期观察,梁体在铁路运营中结构稳定,质量可靠,收到了预期的效果,实践证明此 项移梁施工技术是成功的,是安全可行的。     

Collapse strength of hatch cover of bulk carrier subjected to lateral pressure load

A series of elastoplastic large deflection FEM analyses has been performed on hatch covers of bulk carriers subjected to lateral load. Two types of hatch covers are considered which are the folding type and the side-sliding type. For the folding-type cover, one size is considered which is for Handy size bulk carrier, whilst for the side-sliding-type cover, two sizes are considered which are for Panamax and Cape size bulk carriers. For each type, two hatch covers are selected which are designed in accordance with the old ICLL rule and new IACS rule, respectively. Calculated collapse strengths are compared with individual design loads, and a strength assessment is performed. On the basis of collapse behaviour observed in FEM analyses, a simple method is proposed to evaluate the collapse strength of a hatch cover subjected to lateral load. It is confirmed that the collapse strength is accurately predicted by the proposed method.     

大剂量VitC治疗慢性阻塞性肺病疗效观察

比较了常规治疗和常规加大剂量VitC治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）的疗效。结果显示：COPD加重期，加用大剂量VitC，能明显提高显效率，抑制血小板活化，改善肺功能和血气指标，未见明显副作用。提示，COPD加重期加用大剂量VitC是安全、有效的治疗方法。