Autonomous vehicle perception: The technology of today and tomorrow

Perception system design is a vital step in the development of an autonomous vehicle (AV). With the vast selection of available off-the-shelf schemes and seemingly endless options of sensor systems implemented in research and commercial vehicles, it can be difficult to identify the optimal system for one’s AV application. This article presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art AV perception technology available today. It provides up-to-date information about the advantages, disadvantages, limits, and ideal applications of specific AV sensors; the most prevalent sensors in current research and commercial AVs; autonomous features currently on the market; and localization and mapping methods currently implemented in AV research. This information is useful for newcomers to the AV field to gain a greater understanding of the current AV solution landscape and to guide experienced researchers towards research areas requiring further development. Furthermore, this paper highlights future research areas and draws conclusions about the most effective methods for AV perception and its effect on localization and mapping. Topics discussed in the Perception and Automotive Sensors section focus on the sensors themselves, whereas topics discussed in the Localization and Mapping section focus on how the vehicle perceives where it is on the road, providing context for the use of the automotive sensors. By improving on current state-of-the-art perception systems, AVs will become more robust, reliable, safe, and accessible, ultimately providing greater efficiency, mobility, and safety benefits to the public.     

多尺度图像边缘检测技术在车辆识别中的应用

指出了图像边缘检测的定义及现有算法的不足,并对Canny边缘检测离散准则及该准则下的最优线性滤波器进行了论述。根据边缘检测离散准则,利用数值方法求出该准则下边缘检测的最优线性滤波器及对应的平滑算子,将其与Canny边缘检测技术相结合进行边缘检测,检测出不同尺度下多幅边缘图像,并根据小尺度下图像边缘细节信息丰富、边缘定位精度高,大尺度下图像边缘稳定、抗噪性好等特点,将检测到的多尺度边缘进行融合,得到抗噪性好的精确的单像素宽边缘;同时将该方法应用于汽车特征提取,检测到完整连续的汽车边缘图像,为车型识别提供条件。试验结果表明:该方法不仅能准确检测出图像边缘,而且能有效地抑制噪声,是边缘检测的实用方法。     

混凝土泵车臂架开裂的修复方法

在混凝土泵车臂架修复的意义和类型的基础上,针对一台大修的混凝土泵车臂架断裂的具体部位和外貌特征,经过拆分、检查、测量、连杆机构分析、出图、调试等修理过程,找出臂架开裂的原因,进行修复,并对原有结构中可能再次损坏的薄弱部位进行预加强,以达到与其他结构等寿命的目的。     

数据融合技术在公路隧道火灾探测系统中的应用

介绍了几种常用公路隧道火灾探测器,如温度探测器、烟雾探测器、火焰探测器等。针对其各自在隧道火灾探测系统中应用时容易产生反应延迟、漏报和误报等缺点,提出了在隧道火灾探测系统中采用经典的自适应加权融合估计算法进行多探测器系统的数据融合。并分别对单传感器、多传感器和异类传感器火灾探测系统的数据融合进行了可信度分配。结果表明,与采用单一类型火灾探测器系统相比,多探测器系统的数据融合结果具有更高的准确度和可信度。     

基于压力传感器阵列的车型分类系统

针对当前车型分类系统识别率不高的问题,提出了用4条共聚物压电轴传感器组成的传感器阵列获取车型特征参数的方法。该方法利用传感器的特殊空间分布与车辆各车轴到达各传感器时刻的时空相关性,对采集到的信息进行数据融合,获得了多达11种车型特征参数。分类识别中用模糊统计的方法对大量的样本车型特征参数处理后,构造了隶属函数,最后采用了D-S证据理论对车型进行分类。实践证明该方法具有较高的识别率。     

基于数据融合的公交客流规模测算方法

公交客流规模测算往往存在调查成本受限和准确度要求较高的矛盾.提出基于公交IC卡历史数据与人工补充调查数据的数据融合测算方法,以准确推算公交客流规模.首先根据公交线路的基本属性,采用聚类分析方法划分线路类型,从每一类中选择具有代表性的线路.基于IC卡数据分析公交客流时变特征,运用有序样本聚类Fisher算法将线路小时刷卡量进行聚类分析.划分刷卡量相似时段,进而采用优化方法确定调查抽样率,确定相应的调查车辆进行人工补充调查,最终经过数据融合计算获得公交客流规模.基于上海市某辖区IC卡数据进行案例分析,测算得到三类公交线路的日均客流量.     

Real-time traffic state estimation in urban corridors from heterogeneous data

In recent years, rapid advances in information technology have led to various data collection systems which are enriching the sources of empirical data for use in transport systems. Currently, traffic data are collected through various sensors including loop detectors, probe vehicles, cell-phones, Bluetooth, video cameras, remote sensing and public transport smart cards. It has been argued that combining the complementary information from multiple sources will generally result in better accuracy, increased robustness and reduced ambiguity. Despite the fact that there have been substantial advances in data assimilation techniques to reconstruct and predict the traffic state from multiple data sources, such methods are generally data-driven and do not fully utilize the power of traffic models. Furthermore, the existing methods are still limited to freeway networks and are not yet applicable in the urban context due to the enhanced complexity of the flow behavior. The main traffic phenomena on urban links are generally caused by the boundary conditions at intersections, un-signalized or signalized, at which the switching of the traffic lights and the turning maneuvers of the road users lead to shock-wave phenomena that propagate upstream of the intersections. This paper develops a new model-based methodology to build up a real-time traffic prediction model for arterial corridors using data from multiple sources, particularly from loop detectors and partial observations from Bluetooth and GPS devices.     

潜艇大气环境多传感器信息融合技术研究

介绍多传感器信息融合技术的概念,分析了多传感器集成与信息融合的问题,介绍了贝叶斯准则、D-S证据理论、模糊理论和神经网络的4种方法与算法,论述了潜艇大气环境多传感器信息融合技术研究的优点及其必要性.     

自适应加权融合算法在图像型火灾探测系统中的应用

根据船舶火灾探测的特点以及火灾早期预报的要求,设计了带图像信息的火灾自动报警系统,并将自适应加权融合算法应用于该系统。在该系统中信息层完成数据采集、处理,特征层运用自适应加权融合算法进行特征融合,决策层运用概率神经网络进行决策融合,完成船舶火灾探测系统的自动报警输出。实验表明,将该算法应用于此系统能够准确、快速探测火灾,识别日光灯、酒精灯等干扰源,具有较强的抗干扰性。     

一种惯性/星光复合制导系统研究

针对传统的基于姿态角修正的惯性/星光复合制导系统的不足,提出了一种新的基于位置和姿态信息进行融合估计的惯性/星光复合制导修正方案,来提高战略导弹的制导精度和可靠性。一方面利用得到的星敏感器视场中恒星星光矢量在CCD光敏面上的星像点及其在导航星库中的赤经、赤纬,结合高度仪给出的导弹高度值,可得到战略导弹的位置信息,再与惯导系统给出的导弹位置信息相减可得到位置误差测量值;另一方面通过星图识别及坐标变换可得到战略导弹的姿态误差值。以Kalman滤波为基础,将得到的位置误差和姿态角误差进行数据融合,估计出复合制导系统的误差状态量,进而修正惯导系统的位置、速度和姿态角参数。仿真结果表明,该方案有效地抑制了传统复合方案中位置和速度误差的发散,并使系统具有较高的精度和可靠性。