The future of road safety: A worldwide perspective

Estimates by the World Health Organization suggest that, on a yearly basis, road crashes kill 1.25 million people—nearly 3400 road fatalities per day—and injure up to 50 million. Traffic injuries are not equally spread over the world, however; some countries are hit harder than others, and the chance of being killed in a road crash depends on where one lives. Almost 90% of all traffic casualties occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Globally, the number of fatalities per 100,000 population (mortality rate) ranges from less than 3 to almost 40. The rate is less than 9 in high-income countries (HIC) but averages around 20 in LMIC, with the African region demonstrating the highest rate (26.6). While road safety trends have been positive in HIC over the last few decades, trends in LMIC are not telling a positive story: road fatalities are expected to increase to almost 2 million road fatalities per year by 2020.The United Nations has adopted several resolutions on road safety and proposes actions to tackle the global road safety crisis. Considering the current level of road safety to be unacceptable, the UN has taken several initiatives. One effort, the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020, has generated substantial activity around the world over the last couple of years. Furthermore, it is very encouraging that the UN included road safety in the Sustainable Development Goals that it laid out in September 2015. Road safety is part of the public health agenda and the urban development agenda. Measured in “real actions,” however, the responses so far from the overall global community and individual countries do not suggest that we are already on the right track to bringing down the death toll on roads.The future of road safety is uncertain and definitely not the same for all regions of the world. Countries with a mature road safety approach and an ambition to make further progress are expected to move in the direction of a pro-active approach: a Safe System approach. It is reported that many LMIC, meanwhile, are on the brink of designing road safety strategies and implementing action plans. The international community is willing to support LMIC, but LMIC cannot simply copy successful HIC strategies because local circumstances differ. The principles of successful HIC strategies are applicable, but the priorities and action plans should take root in and align with local conditions.     

工程机械与电气故障检修方法分析

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曹妃甸通岛路引堤工程地震液化可能性的原位测试判别分析

通过对3孔标准贯入试验和30孔静力触探试验结果的分析,表明以粉细砂吹填而成的曹妃甸通岛路工程在采取了相应的工程措施后,从总体上消除了地震液化的可能性。对用粉细砂填筑工程地震液化可能性的工程改善和判别具有可借鉴的价值。     

三种特殊情况6‰下坡道电路设计

针对信号设计工作中所遇到一些具有6‰下坡道的站场,而站场布置较为特殊的情况,介绍如何进行6‰下坡道电路设计的电路处理方法。     

企业租用电力设备的财务效益

由于当前的金融危机，许多企业正在寻找出路，避免大额资本支出、固定资产投资和雇佣昂贵的雇员。与此同时，这些企业需要为将来经济的好转做打算，他们知道在不远的将来经济形势必有所改善，那时他们的企业必须为经济复苏做好准备。     

运行参数对双燃料船用柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响

为研究运行参数对天然气-柴油双燃料船用发动机燃烧和排放的影响,运用AVL_FIRE仿真软件基于4190Z_LC-2型船用中速柴油机,构建燃烧室高压循环模型。通过将仿真数据和台架试验得到的缸压曲线进行对比,验证模型的准确性。采用模型仿真,研究运行参数对燃烧和排放性能的影响。结果表明:天然气替代率可以明显改善NO的排放,过高的替代率会降低指示功率,损失部分动力性;提高进气温度可改善燃烧质量,合适的进气温度可以改善动力性和经济性;提高进气压力有增压效果,适当提高进气压力可获得较好的动力性和排放性;喷油提前角的增大,会延长滞燃期,缩短后燃期,而合适的喷油提前角可以避免工作粗暴,改善柴油机动力性。     

沥口枢纽上游口门区通航水流条件试验研究

船闸口门区通航水流条件的好坏直接影响航运的安全。针对沥口枢纽上游口门区及连接段通航水流条件差、横向流速大等问题,通过建立沥口枢纽河段水工整体物理模型试验,提出在坝轴线上游设置浅坝,调整河道河势及导流墩分流等优化措施。试验结果表明:优化方案下口门区及连接段内水流流态得到明显的改善,通航条件满足规范要求。船模航行试验表明最大通航流量Q_(20%)=4 661 m~3/s,并论证在此方案下通航的安全性与工程可行性。     

基于模糊方法的舰炮故障诊断

在舰炮武器系统的故障诊断中,由于系统的复杂性和直接监测的困难,应用故障机理分析方法判断征兆故障成因间的关系极为困难。介绍了应用模糊数学进行的故障诊断方法,充分利用故障统计数据和专家经验,根据隶属度与贴近度函数来判断征兆群与故障成因之间的关系,从而实现当输入系统征兆后计算机对系统状况的自动诊断。     

船舶驾驶员危险预测能力在人因可靠性评估中应用的设想

通过对复杂水域系统海事事故的特点及不同经验船舶驾驶员操船特点进行分析,结合熟练操作技能的特征,提出可采用船舶驾驶员的危险预测能力对船舶驾驶员的人因可靠性进行评价.     

Alfa-laval-S型船用分油机常见故障的分析

分油机是船舶上的重要设备,Alfa-laval又是船舶上使用最广的分油机。本文介绍了S型分油机的结构和特点,通过实践,总结出该类型分油机在使用过程中的常见故障,并对故障的原因进行了细致的分析,最后提出了一些有针对性的实践管理经验,使轮机人员掌握在管理中的注意事项。在现实中具有很好的参考价值和指导意义。