Marine Protected Area Costs as “Beneficial” Fisheries Subsidies: A Global Evaluation

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are now generally accepted as important tools in the protection of coastal biodiversity. It is also likely that they play a positive role in enhancing fisheries. Yet currently, less than 1% of the global oceans are protected, although international agreements have targets ranging from 10–30% coverage. Despite its minuscule size, we consider the current MPA “network” to be beneficial to fisheries, and its running or maintenance cost, therefore, to be a positive contribution to the sustainability of fisheries, or a “beneficial” subsidy (“harmful” subsidies enhance fishing capacity and effort). A method was derived from data in Balmford et al. (PNAS, 101: 9694–9697) to estimate the annual cost of maintaining MPAs as a function of their size, and of the degree of development of the country in question. We provide national costs of the 53 countries that jointly contribute 95% of global fisheries catch and, assuming that this type of subsidy, in a given country, cannot exceed 15% of the ex-vessel value of its fisheries catches, estimated a global MPA subsidy to fisheries of 870 million US$. Given that total subsidies to fisheries currently range from 30–34 billion US$ annually (without MPA costs), this amounts to only 2.5–2.8% of total subsidies to fisheries being devoted explicitly to the maintenance of the biodiversity that sustains them.     

A time‐staged multi‐objective network‐design model

A multi‐objective, time‐staged network‐design problem is formulated. Through transformation, the problem is decomposed into a set of single‐period, single‐objective problems. Lexicographic ordering is instrumental in effecting this transformation; it also allows a backward‐recursion algorithm to be applied using strong pruning criteria. Furthermore, monotonicity properties enable us to solve the problem using the familiar tree‐search algorithms. The solution method has several desirable properties — as shown by an example and a case study of Tripoli Province, Libya. First, the algorithm ensures continuity of project implementation over the multi time‐periods and provides optimality in later computational stages irrespective of the decision at an interim stage. Second, the algorithm tends to provide accessibility to unconnected regions in the study area at low user‐cost without employing weights to the two objective functions of accessibility and user‐cost efficiency. Such a property is deemed advantageous for suggesting transportation investments based purely on purchasing the greatest benefit for each dollar, with political neutrality strictly maintained.     

A macroscopic theory for unsignalized intersections

The following paper presents a dynamic macroscopic model for unsignalized intersections which accounts for time-limited disruptions in the minor stream flow, even in free-flow conditions when the average flow demand is satisfied. It introduces a deterministic fictive traffic light to represent an average alternating sequence of available and busy time periods for insertion depending on the major stream flow. Two allocation schemes of the total outflow during green periods are developed to model the influence or non-influence of the minor stream over the major stream flow. The aggregation of the resulting dynamic flow variations gives relevant capacity values. Moreover, the model predicts accurate average vehicle delay and queue length estimates compared to theoretical and empirical data. It has three easy-to-measure parameters and can be integrated into a dynamic macroscopic simulation tool for urban networks.     

公路养护管理系统在公路养护工程造价管理体系中的定位研究

针对公路养护管理系统和养护工程造价管理系统在养护工程费用分析和经济分析等方面可能存在功能重合的问题,分析了网级养护管理系统和项目级养护管理系统的造价管理功能特点,并利用灰色关联度分析法进行了项目级养护管理系统与可行性研究之间的比较,从而明确了公路养护管理系统在公路养护工程造价管理体系中的功能定位。结果表明:项目级养护管理系统在大修工程、专项工程或改建工程时相当于项目建议书或初步可行性研究,具有初步估算和经济评价的功能,与它们的工程可行性研究功能不重合,而在中小修时则相当于概算的功能;网级公路养护管理系统则具备养护规划阶段的养护工程造价管理功能。     

浅谈基础设施项目工程造价全过程管理

分析了基础设施项目建设管理过程中存在的问题,阐明了对基础设施建设造价进行全过程管理的意义。运用工程项目造价全过程管理理论,即全生命周期造价管理理论,对基础设施项目建设造价进行全过程管理,并且详细分析了从项目的前期决策阶段到项目的实施阶段进行造价管理的方法。     

沪青平高速公路真空预压处理的工程造价分析

该文简要介绍了上海沪青平高速公路中段工程真空预压处理应用情况,分析了真空预压工艺各项费用构成及影响因素,总结了沪青平中段工程各桥头真空预压处理费用,提出了不同地质条件下真空预压处理的典型经济指标。     

设计施工招标投标与工程造价的控制

该文叙述了确保工程项目质量及控制工程投资的途径和手段。分别阐述了设计招标投标阶段和施工招标投标阶段对工程造价进行控制的着重点。     

偏压连拱隧道洞口段二次衬砌施工时机探讨

 针对富溪隧道左线出口段在围岩变形尚未稳定的情况下能否进行二次衬砌施工的问题，根据隧道变形监测结果推测衬砌施工后隧道的剩余变形，并据此计算出衬砌结构的内力和安全系数。结果表明，衬砌施工后产生的变形大小对其内力和安全性影响较大。若衬砌结构变形仅为剩余变形的6.5%，其安全性能够得到保障。现场监测结果表明，衬砌施工后内部应力普遍较小，未超过混凝土强度。这说明在围岩变形没有完全趋于稳定的情况下，只要能够保证衬砌施工质量，可以提前施作二衬。     

公路货运企业生产成本分析

当前对运输成本的分析较为笼统,缺乏具体针对公路货运企业成本的分析。公路货运与其它运输方式货运相比成本有很大的区别。通过比较研究公路货运企业的短期成本和长期成本的性质,得出了公路货运企业成本的弱垄断性。并采用超越对数成本函数对成本进行分析,根据超越对数成本函数的性质验证了公路货运企业的规模效应。     

桥梁维修加固中粘贴钢板的造价分析

粘贴钢板是目前广西桥梁维修加同中的常用方法,此方法能充分利用旧桥,降低工程造价,并能尽快恢复通行。文章通过对粘贴钢板的工、料、机、价格构成分析,探讨如何编制补充定额计算粘贴钢板的造价。