城市轨道交通工程设计咨询过程投资控制探讨

给出在设计咨询阶段对项目投资进行节约控制的重要意义,分析城市轨道交通项目在设计咨询阶段投资控制的主要方法,把各阶段的投资控制目标、手段加以明确区分,对价值工程和限额设计的具体运用方式方法进行了阐述和比较,界定了各设计咨询阶段投资控制的实施原则和控制要点。     

石太客运专线特长隧道Ⅰ型板式无砟轨道施工与造价

为了满足客运专线铁路的快速发展需要,进一步推广Ⅰ型板式无砟轨道的应用,结合石太客运专线太行山特长隧道Ⅰ型板式无砟轨道施工的成功经验,对特长隧道无砟轨道物流组织、施工测量、底座混凝土、铺板、铺轨等关键技术以及施工造价做深入详细的剖析,使客运专线铁路特长隧道Ⅰ型板式无砟轨道施工工艺标准化、规范化,为今后的客运专线长大隧道内无砟轨道的推广应用以及城市轨道交通无砟轨道施工提供有益的参考。     

Optimization of headways with stop‐skipping control: a case study of bus rapid transit system

Bus rapid transit system is designed to provide high‐quality and cost‐efficient passenger transportation services. In order to achieve this design objective, effective scheduling strategies are required. This research aims at improving the operation efficiency and service quality of a BRT system through integrated optimization of its service headways and stop‐skipping strategy. Based on cost analysis for both passengers and operation agencies, an optimization model is established. A genetic algorithms based algorithm and an application‐oriented solution method are developed. Beijing BRT Line 2 has been chosen as a case study, and the effectiveness of the optimal headways with stop‐skipping services under different demand levels has been analyzed. The results has shown that, at a certain demand level, the proposed operating strategy can be most advantageous for passengers with an accepted increase of operating costs, under which the optimum headway is between 3.5 and 5.5 min for stop‐skipping services during the morning peak hour depending on the demand with the provision of stop‐skipping services. The effectiveness of the optimal headways with stop‐skipping services is compared with those of existing headways and optimal headways without stop‐skipping services. The results show that operating strategies under the optimal headways with stop‐skipping services outperforms the other two operating strategies with respect to total costs and in‐vehicle time for passengers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessing the financial and social costs of public transport in differing operating environments and with endogenous demand

This paper uses a previously developed spreadsheet cost model which simulates public transport modes operated on a 12-km route to analyse the total costs of different passenger demand levels. The previous cost model was a very powerful tool to estimate the social and operator costs for different public transport technologies. However, as the model is strategic, some basic assumptions were made which are relaxed in this paper. First, the speed-flow equation in the original spreadsheet model assumes that speed decreases according to the ratio of the current frequency and the lane capacity which is based on the safety headway without taking into account passenger boardings. However, this may vary in different operating environments. Therefore, the speed-flow equation is improved by moving from a linear equation to a piecewise equation that considers the features of different operating environments. Second, the model assumes that supply is sufficient to meet demand. However, when the level of demand is high for the lower-capacity public transport technologies, passengers may find the incoming vehicle full and therefore, they have to wait more than one service interval. This paper applies queuing theory to investigate the probability of having to wait longer than the expected service headways which will affect the average passenger waiting time. The extra waiting time for each passenger is calculated and applied in the spreadsheet cost model. Third, the original model assumed that demand was externally fixed (exogenous). To evaluate the differences after applying these equations, endogenous demand rather than exogenous demand will be investigated by using the elasticities for passenger waiting time and journey time.     

Effects of providing total cost of ownership information on consumers’ intent to purchase a hybrid or plug-in electric vehicle

Energy-saving technologies have a difficult time being widely accepted in the marketplace when they have a high initial purchase price and deferred financial benefits. Consumers might not realize that, in the long-run, the financial benefits from reduced energy consumption offset much or all of the initial price premium. One strategy to address consumer misconception of this advantage is to supply information on the “total cost of ownership”, a metric which accounts for the purchase price, the cost of the fuel, and other costs over the ownership period. In this article, we investigate how providing information on five-year fuel cost savings and total cost of ownership affects the stated preferences of consumers to purchase a gasoline, conventional hybrid, plug-in hybrid, or battery electric vehicle. Through an online survey with an embedded experimental design using distinct labels, we find that respondent rankings of vehicles are unaffected by information on five-year fuel cost savings. However, adding information about total cost of ownership increases the probability that small/mid-sized car consumers express a preference to acquire a conventional hybrid, plug-in hybrid, or a battery-electric vehicle. No such effect is found for consumers of small sport utility vehicles. Our results are consistent with other findings in the behavioral economics literature and suggest that further evaluation of the effects of providing consumers with information on the total cost of vehicle ownership is warranted.     

Marginal cost congestion pricing based on the network fundamental diagram

Congestion pricing schemes have been traditionally derived based on analytical representations of travel demand and traffic flows, such as in bottleneck models. A major limitation of these models, especially when applied to urban networks, is the inconsistency with traffic dynamics and related phenomena such as hysteresis and the capacity drop. In this study we propose a new method to derive time-varying tolling schemes using the concept of the Network Fundamental Diagram (NFD). The adopted method is based on marginal cost pricing, while it also enables to account realistically for the dynamics of large and heterogeneous traffic networks. We derive two alternative cordon tolls using network-aggregated traffic flow conditions: a step toll that neglects the spatial distribution of traffic by simply associating the marginal costs of any decrease in production within the NFD to the surplus of traffic; and a step toll that explicitly accounts for how network performance is also influenced by the spatial variance in a 3D-NFD. This pricing framework is implemented in the agent-based simulation model MATSim and applied to a case study of the city of Zurich. The tolling schemes are compared with a uniform toll, and they highlight how the inhomogeneous distribution of traffic may compromise the effectiveness of cordon tolls.     

基于综合H+T指数缩短租房人群通勤时间策略

通勤成本和住房成本随着与城市中心距离的变化,存在明显的消长关系。为便于讨论二者之间的互动关系,选择工作1~3年的租房人群作为研究对象。提出综合H+T指数计算方法,研究适合中国大城市租房人群的住房与通勤交通可支付能力指数取值,得出住房成本、交通经济成本、交通时间成本三者的推荐值。以此为规划约束目标,深入分析两种策略对不同收入租房人群通勤时间缩短的可能性:重新选择房源,缩短通勤距离,以增加住房成本为代价缩短通勤时间;住房不变,选择更快的交通工具,但交通经济成本有所上升。     

中天山隧道TBM施工机械台班维护费研究

为解决再制造TBM隧道施工机械台班维护费随工作台班数变化的成本支出控制问题,为相关企业的造价管理提供理论支撑,通过对西康秦岭隧道TB880E型全断面岩石掘进机施工现场统计的维护费数据进行分析,建立维护费和TBM台班数的数学关系模型,提炼出TBM维护费随台班数的发展函数关系式,验证中考虑到TBM停滞期间发生费用和局部再制造费用对工作台班数的影响,最后以中天山隧道等项目的TBM维护费支出情况来验证理论的正确性。得出： TBM隧道施工机械台班维护费和工作台班数存在一定的函数关系; 研究思路和成果可为今后类似隧道工程在前期概算编制、成本控制等方面提供参考,为铁路行业的管理者在今后制定相关TBM隧道施工企业定额、项目精细化管理提供借鉴。     

考虑散货与集装箱业务的港口竞合研究

针对同时经营散货和集装箱业务的两个港口之间的竞争与合作问题,考虑港口同时竞争、单业务合作—拥堵成本分担和单业务合作—拥堵成本共担这3种合作模式,运用古诺博弈的方法,在考虑拥堵成本的情况下,对港口的产量、价格和利润进行了对比.研究表明:港口之间如果只有竞争没有合作,每个港口都在追求最大的吞吐量;在市场需求稳定的情况下港口同时决策,符合某一条件时吞吐量会增加同时价格会降低;单业务合作—拥堵成本共担比成本分担的情况吞吐量更高.     

考虑容量约束的铁路货运竞争性定价策略研究

在铁路传统货运市场营销中,针对定价问题的研究很少考虑铁路货运系统的容量约束,为了将铁路编组站和线路的容量约束与货运价格的制定进行综合优化,引入市场竞争因素,提出了一个以铁路运营企业总利润最大化为上层目标和货主广义费用最小化为下层目标的双层规划模型.在满足约束条件的前提下,该模型能够给出最优的定价策略和运量分配方案,使得铁路运营企业的总利润最大化.为了降低模型求解难度,运用原始—对偶方法将双层规划模型转化成单层整数线性规划模型,给出了精确的求解算法.通过算例验证了该模型在我国铁路货运定价中的可行性.