基于有机朗肯循环的发动机余热回收技术

通过比较8种循环工质在有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统中的热力过程,从系统性能、可靠性、环保等角度综合考虑,验证了R245fa用于ORC循环工质的优势。以康明斯某重型车用发动机为应用目标,设计了一套余热回收发电系统,通过回收增压空气、尾管废气、发动机废气的热量,用于发电。经过计算,该系统的余热回收效率为10.4%。     

大型地下互通式立交隧道防灾救援措施探讨

通过对火灾案例和火灾试验结果的分析研究,给出地下立交火灾场景的关键参数及地下立交横断面、纵向风速对火灾热释放率的影响规律。根据目前隧道火灾发生实际状况和营运技术水平,提出地下立交隧道防火安全等级体系和与之相对应的防火设施配置。对地下立交人员所需安全疏散时间与可用安全疏散时间进行对比分析、研究,得出地下互通式立交区域联络通道的合理间距。     

温拌沥青混合料技术在云南普炭公路中的应用研究

该文介绍了温拌沥青混合料技术的应用情况。通过在云南普炭公路的WMA技术应用研究发现:WAM技术不仅可以大大降低整个沥青混合料出料温度,提高施工的效率,大大降低有害气体的排放;同时综合性能较热拌沥青混合料有较大的提高,经济性能也较突出。     

人员撤离仿真及其在船舶设计中的应用

在紧急情况下确保船上人员及时撤离是船舶安全性的最后一个环节,较好的方法是在船舶总体设计阶段进行撤离分析验证。基于《新客船和现有客船撤离分析指南》提出的高级撤离分析方法,对人员撤离仿真的概念、原理、特点作简要介绍,并通过实例说明其在船舶设计中的应用。旨在为船舶设计人员进行撤离分析提供参考,为提升船舶的安全提供建议。     

基于有机郎肯循环系统的管壳式与板式换热器比较

阐述了管壳式与板式换热器的基本形式以及各自的特点,并针对有机郎肯循环(ORC)系统的特点,比较了管壳式换热器和板式换热器的结构性能,为ORC系统中换热器选型提供参考。     

Traffic evacuation simulation based on multi-level driving decision model

Traffic evacuation is a critical task in disaster management. Planning its evacuation in advance requires taking many factors into consideration such as the destination shelter locations and numbers, the number of vehicles to clear, the traffic congestions as well as traffic road configurations. A traffic evacuation simulation tool can provide the emergency managers with the flexibility of exploring various scenarios for identifying more accurate model to plan their evacuation. This paper presents a traffic evacuation simulation system based on integrated multi-level driving-decision models which generate agents’ behavior in a unified framework. In this framework, each agent undergoes a Strategic, Cognitive, Tactical and Operational (SCTO) decision process, in order to make a driving decision. An agent’s actions are determined by a combination, on each process level, of various existing behavior models widely used in different driving simulation models. A wide spectrum of variability in each agent’s decision and driving behaviors, such as in pre-evacuation activities, in choice of route, and in the following or overtaking the car ahead, are represented in the SCTO decision process models to simulate various scenarios. We present the formal model for the agent and the multi-level decision models. A prototype simulation system that reflects the multi-level driving-decision process modeling is developed and implemented. Our SCTO framework is validated by comparing with MATSim tool, and the experimental results of evacuation simulation models are compared with the existing evacuation plan for densely populated Beijing, China in terms of various performance metrics. Our simulation system shows promising results to support emergency managers in designing and evaluating more realistic traffic evacuation plans with multi-level agent’s decision models that reflect different levels of individual variability of handling stress situations. The flexible combination of existing behavior and decision models can help generating the best evacuation plan to manage each crisis with unique characteristics, rather than resorting to a fixed evacuation plan.     

Variable guidance for pedestrian evacuation considering congestion,hazard, and compliance behavior

A methodology for optimizing variable pedestrian evacuation guidance in buildings with convex polygonal interior spaces is proposed. The optimization of variable guidance is a bi-level problem. The calculation of variable guidance based on the prediction of congestion and hazards is the upper-level problem. The prediction of congestion provided the variable guidance is the lower-level problem. A local search procedure is developed to solve the problem. The proposed methodology has three major contributions. First, a logistic regression model for guidance compliance behavior is calibrated using a virtual reality experiment and the critical factors for the behavior are identified. Second, the guidance compliance and following behaviors are considered in the lower-level problem. Third, benchmarks are calculated to evaluate the performance of optimized variable guidance, including the lower bound of the maximum evacuation time and the maximum evacuation time under a fixed guidance. Finally, the proposed methodology is validated with numerical examples. Results show that the method has the potential to reduce evacuation time in emergencies.     

Evacuation traffic dynamics

Historically, evacuation models have relied on values of road capacity that are estimated based on Highway Capacity Manual methods or those observed during routine non-emergency conditions. The critical assumption in these models is that capacity values and traffic dynamics do not differ between emergency and non-emergency conditions. This study utilized data collected during Hurricanes Ivan (2004), Katrina (2005) and Gustav (2008) to compare traffic characteristics during mass evacuations with those observed during routine non-emergency operations. From these comparisons it was found that there exists a consistent and fundamental difference between traffic dynamics under evacuation conditions and those under routine non-emergency periods. Based on the analysis, two quantities are introduced: “maximum evacuation flow rates” (MEFR) and “maximum sustainable evacuation flow rates” (MSEFR). Based on observation, the flow rates during evacuations were found to reach a maximum value of MEFR followed by a drop in flow rate to a MSEFR that was able to be sustained over several hours, or until demand dropped below that necessary to completely saturate the section. It is suggested that MEFR represents the true measure of the “capacity”. These findings are important to a number of key policy-shaping factors that are critical to evacuation planning. Most important among these is the strong suggestion of policy changes that would shift away from the use of traditional capacity estimation techniques and toward values based on direct observation of traffic under evacuation conditions.     

非硫酸盐高浓度有机废水酸化的可生化性指标

利用表观B/C指标和理论B/C指标评价了厌氧酸化过程对蔗糖—蛋白胨人工废水可生化性的影响.结果显示对于COD为1 064~63 900 mg/L的废水,采用表观B/C评价指标,废水的可生化性降低了0%~96%;采用理论B/C指标,可生化性提高幅度为2%~21.6%.实验结果表明用理论B/C指标评价厌氧酸化过程对蔗糖—蛋白胨人工废水可生化性的影响较之表观B/C更为科学合理;同时说明对于非硫酸盐废水类型,理论B/C作为评价其酸化过程改变废水可生化性的指标同样适用;酸化出水的理论B/C随废水COD增加呈现下降的趋势,理论分析认为其与废水的酸化度(α)有关,酸化度越低,酸化出水的理论B/C越低.     

非硫酸盐高浓度有机废水酸化的可生化性指标

利用表观B/C指标和理论B/C指标评价了厌氧酸化过程对蔗糖—蛋白胨人工废水可生化性的影响.结果显示对于COD为1 064~63 900 mg/L的废水,采用表观B/C评价指标,废水的可生化性降低了0%~96%;采用理论B/C指标,可生化性提高幅度为2%~21.6%.实验结果表明用理论B/C指标评价厌氧酸化过程对蔗糖—蛋白胨人工废水可生化性的影响较之表观B/C更为科学合理;同时说明对于非硫酸盐废水类型,理论B/C作为评价其酸化过程改变废水可生化性的指标同样适用;酸化出水的理论B/C随废水COD增加呈现下降的趋势,理论分析认为其与废水的酸化度(α)有关,酸化度越低,酸化出水的理论B/C越低.