城市轨道交通越行站设计若干问题探讨

城市轨道交通越行站是快慢车运行模式中需重点研究的技术问题。从国内外常用的越行站站型出发,分析各种站型的优劣,并通过定性及定量分析相结合的方法,对越行站设计时需关注的几个关键问题进行了探讨。分析认为:①高架越行站站型宜优先选择双岛四线站型,地下越行站站型需结合功能需求及工程投资进行选择;②越行线远离站台的站型,快车可不限速越站;③越行线紧邻站台时,若设置站台门,建议过站速度按80 km/h考虑,否则按100 km/h考虑;④为保证运输效率及运营安全,建议越行站选用大号码道岔。     

基于乘客超越行为建模的航空登机效率分析

依靠缩短登机时间提升登机效率是降低航空周转成本的重要手段之一。乘客登机时间由登机策略及个体行为等因素共同决定。在采用特定登机策略登机过程中，发生阻塞导致队列行进缓慢时，队列内的乘客可能采取超越行为提升自身行进速度，从而影响登机效率。针对乘客这种超越行为建立微观仿真模型，采用元胞自动机模拟不同登机策略下的乘客登机过程，比较超越行为对不同登机策略效率的影响程度，量化考虑乘客超越行为时登机乘客携带行李比例、登机放行间隔，以及客座率等情景下登机策略的效率。结果表明：在考虑超越行为后，原本不考虑超越行为时登机时间越长策略的登机时间缩减比例越高，乘客行走干扰延误的降低是登机时间缩减的主要原因。在乘客携带行李数量较多或乘客放行间隔较短的情景下，从靠窗到过道依次登机策略的效率优于倒金字塔式策略；在客座率70%的情景下，分4种次序从后到前登机的策略是按列次序登机的最佳策略。     

Commute duration and health: Empirical evidence from Brazil

There have been many empirical studies associating commuting time and health outcomes in the last few decades. Their general conclusion is that commuting and health are negatively related. The validity of their findings, however, is questionable, given their lack of good identification strategies to correctly account for omitted variables. In this paper, we analyze this relationship using a large and unique nationally representative sample of Brazilian individuals, coupled with the use of propensity score matching techniques, and the application of an exhaustive set of standard falsification tests and sensitivity analysis that may prevent one from claiming a causal link between the two variables. Our results indicate that individuals with more than one hour of commuting appear to have statistically higher probability, ranging from 1.9 to 4.6 percentage points, of reporting bad health status when compared to a person whose commuting time is less than one hour.     

Evaluation of different contraflow strategies for hurricane evacuation in Charleston,South Carolina

Abstract

Limited specific evidence is available on the effectiveness of using contraflow as an evacuation traffic management tool. This study was conducted to determine the best combination of strategy options for evacuating Charleston, SC, along route I-26 during the event of a hurricane or other events. PARAMICS microscopic traffic simulator was used to evaluate the impact of each combination of evacuee response timing and traffic control strategy, such as contraflow, with respect to average vehicular travel time and evacuation duration. Analysis revealed the combination of management strategies that created the lowest evacuation durations and travel times for several types of anticipated evacuee responses. Furthermore, a proposed reconfiguration of the I-526/I-26 interchange for contraflow operations produced additional savings in travel times and evacuation durations. These findings support the use of all lanes for contraflow during all evacuations and provide justification to examine a possible reconfiguration of the I-526/I-26 interchange for use during evacuations.     

Quantifying the Difference Between Self-Reported and Global Positioning Systems-Measured Journey Durations: A Systematic Review

Accurate measurement of travel behaviour is vital for transport planning, modelling, public health epidemiology, and assessing the impact of travel interventions. Self-reported diaries and questionnaires are traditionally used as measurement tools; advances in Global Positioning Systems (GPS) technology allow for comparison. This review aimed to identify and report about studies comparing self-reported and GPS-measured journey durations. We systematically searched, appraised, and analysed published and unpublished articles from electronic databases, reference lists, bibliographies, and websites up to December 2012. Included studies used GPS and self-report to investigate trip duration. The average trip duration from each measure was compared and an aggregated, pooled estimate of the difference, weighted by number of trips, was calculated. We found 12 results from eight eligible studies. All studies showed self-reported journey times were greater than GPS-measured times. The difference between self-report and GPS times ranged from over-reporting of +2.2 to +13.5 minutes per journey. The aggregated, pooled estimate of the difference, weighted by number of trips, was over-report of +4.4 minutes (+28.6%). Studies comparing self-reported and GPS-measured journey duration have shown self-reported to be consistently over-reported across the study sample. Our findings suggest that when using self-reported journey behaviour, the journey durations should be treated as an over-estimation.     

追越状态下船舶临界失控水动力干扰区研究

基于船舶操纵运动数学模型和船-船水动力干扰数学模型,提出了由于船间水动力干扰导致的船舶临界失控发生的条件,分析追越状态不同船舶横向间距、不同船舶速度以及不同水深吃水比等条件下船船干扰力和力矩与船舶横向力、船舶舵力及力矩间的关系,研究船舶临界失控区的尺度,证明船舶临界失控水动力干扰区的存在,给出了船舶临界失控水动力干扰区随船舶横向间距、船舶速度及水深吃水比的变化规律.追越船转船力矩失控区在(-0.6～-0.5)L,追越船速度提高,临界失控干扰区尺度减小;被追越船干扰力临界失控区在(-1～1)L,转船力矩失控区域在船尾方向(-0.5～0.5)L.     

换道操作对智能车辆乘客舒适性的影响研究

乘坐舒适性是决定乘客对智能车辆接受度的重要因素之一。为了提升智能车辆的舒适性,服务智能驾驶控制算法的设计和优化,开展了基于乘客主观感知的实车乘坐舒适性试验,试验中驾驶人驾驶传统车辆执行多次换道操作,获取了60名被试乘客对换道操作的舒适性评价数据,并采集了车辆的运动数据。选取换道时横向最大加速度、回正时横向最大加速度、横向最大加加速度、横向加速度转换幅值以及横向加速度转换频率这5个车辆运动参数作为研究对象。采用二元Logistic回归单因素分析法分析了这5个车辆运动参数对乘坐舒适性的影响,采用接收者操作特征(ROC)曲线分析法为不同晕车易感性的乘客分别确立了这5个车辆运动参数的舒适性阈值,并根据岭回归分析法确定了不同参数对乘坐舒适性的影响权重。结果表明：所选取的5个车辆运动参数对乘坐舒适性具有显著影响,易晕乘客的舒适性阈值小于不易晕乘客的舒适性阈值,在换道过程中,换道时横向最大加速度、回正时横向最大加速度和横向加速度转换幅值是影响乘坐舒适性的主要因素。最后根据车辆运动参数和乘客生理特征参数建立了基于动态时间归整(DTW)和K最近邻(KNN)算法的乘坐舒适性预测模型,该模型对乘坐舒适性的预测准确率为84%,可用于智能车辆控制算法的舒适性判断。     

泵喷嘴柴油机ECU油量控制试验研究

通过6缸泵喷嘴柴油机控制器在单缸原理泵试验台对电磁阀的油量控制,验证控制器的控制功能与驱动能力,研究电磁阀不同工况下的喷油规律,得到转速、脉宽、提前角与油量的MAP图数据,以及开启电流、维持电流、开启电流作用时间等参数对喷油量的影响,从而得到电磁阀驱动电路需要设置固化的基本参数.     

石家庄市出租客运经营投资回报率研究

对在石家庄市从事出租客运经营活动的投资与回报情况进行了研究。通过分析影响出租车经营活动的各项因素以及比较不同情况下从事出租客运的投资回报率,指出按目前的情况,在石家庄市投资出租客运,经营期在15年以内基本没有投资价值。建议石家庄市政府将出租客运营运权证的使用期限确定在15～20年之间,并采取措施,尽快将营运权证的私下交易公开化,帮助投资者获取正常的投资收益。     

关于债券组合久期计算的改进方法

分析了实践中最常用计算债券组合久期方法的不足，通过有效地应用泰勒展开式得到了计算债券组合久期的改进方法。该方法在计算债券组合久期时，只需知道债券组合中各种债券的收益率、权重、久期和凸性等信息。数字实验表明，该方法的计算精度明显优于常用方法，而且还具备很好的实用性。