基于均衡流量的城市停车费用优化模型

基于随机用户平衡原则, 分析了出行者的路径选择和停车选择行为, 建立了满足Logit关系的城市道路停车流量分配模型。基于收益管理思想, 以停车收益最大为决策目标, 建立了城市停车费用的双层规划模型, 并以7个节点和2个停车场的小型网络进行实例验证。分析结果表明: 当停车需求为10 000pcu·h^-1时, 随着停车场2停车费用的提高, 停车流量不断向停车场1转移, 停车场1在停车费用不变的情况下收益不断增加, 当停车场2的停车费用为4元·h^-1时, 总的停车收益达到最大; 当停车需求为20 000pcu·h^-1时, 随着停车费用的上升, 总的停车收益将持续增加; 2个停车场之间存在博弈关系, 停车费用存在纳什均衡点, 当停车需求为10 000pcu·h^-1时, 2个停车场的最优停车费用均为5元·h^-1; 当停车需求为20 000pcu·h^-1时, 2个停车场的最优停车费用均为最高限价10元·h^-1。     

Effect of parking information on travelers' knowledge and behavior

In many urban centers the demand for parking increases sharply before Christmas mainly due to shopping activity — causing parking congestion. One way to ameliorate such congestion is by disseminating parking information. Informed drivers may divert to relatively under-utilized parking facilities relieving the pressure on congested facilities. The City of Nottingham in England tested a real-time parking information system designed to alleviate congestion in the City Center parking facilities. Real-time information was disseminated through the radio, while historical information regarding parking locations was disseminated through newspaper advertisements and leaflets. The objective of this study is to assess impacts of the parking information system on travelers' knowledge and decisions.Survey research was used to understand traveler response. Respondents' levels of knowledge regarding car parks were analyzed by developing Poisson regression models. Drivers were more likely to have greater knowledge of city center car parks if they used several information sources (radio broadcasts, newspaper advertisements or leaflets and word-of-mouth), were active seekers of parking information, and searched for parking rather than going directly to a parking facility. In addition, the study of behavior showed that drivers were more inclined to use the relatively under-utilized Park-and-Ride facilities instead of the city center car parks if they received parking information from Newspaper advertisements/leaflets. Overall, the parking information service in Nottingham was effective; it seems reasonable to establish such information dissemination and monitoring systems at parking facilities in other urban areas. Furthermore, to support informed travel and activity participation decisions, parking information should be integrated with traffic and transit information.     

A novel permit scheme for managing parking competition and bottleneck congestion

Morning commuters may have to depart from home earlier to secure a parking space when parking supply in the city center is insufficient. Recent studies show that parking reservations can reduce highway congestion and deadweight loss of parking competition simultaneously. This study develops a novel tradable parking permit scheme to realize or implement parking reservations when commuters are either homogeneous or heterogeneous in their values of time. It is found that an expirable parking permit scheme with an infinite number of steps, i.e., the ideal-scheme, is superior to a time-varying pricing scheme in the sense that designing a permit scheme does not require commuters’ value of time information and the performance of the scheme is robust to the variation of commuters’ value of time. Although it is impractical to implement the ideal-scheme with an infinite number of steps, the efficiency loss of a permit scheme with finite steps can be bounded in both cases of homogeneous and heterogeneous commuters. Moreover, considering the permit scheme may lead to an undesirable benefit distribution among commuters, we propose an equal cost-reduction distribution of parking permits where auto commuters with higher value of time will receive fewer permits.     

A review of the impact of parking policy measures on travel demand

This paper reviews the empirical evidence relating to the impact of parking policy measures on the demand for parking and for travel. Disaggregate modal choice models, disaggregate parking location models and site‐specific studies of parking behaviour are examined. With regard to modal choice models, it is concluded that few studies deal adequately with parking factors, but that there is some support for the view that parking policy measures are a relatively important influence on modal choice. When parking location models are examined parking policy variables are shown to have a substantial impact on choice of parking location. With regard to site‐specific studies, the paper concludes that there is a great variation in the parking price elasticities quoted, which reflects partly the methodological problems associated with such studies. Suggestions to improve model specification are made.     

Gender differences in travel behaviour and willingness to adopt sustainable behaviour

This paper presents pioneering research on gender differences in travel behaviour in southeastern Europe. The study analyses the socio-economic and main travel characteristics (particularly parking) of men and women. Additionally, it examines the influence of parking demand management measures on their behaviour, in terms of the willingness of men and women to reduce car use and to adopt more sustainable behaviour. The results reveal significant differences between genders in most of the characteristics examined. Moreover, it is shown that women are less car dependent and more sensitive to parking pricing and, therefore, more willing to replace a car journey with public transport. These findings suggest that gender should be an essential parameter when user behaviour is examined and modelled. Furthermore, the results indicate that gender differences must be considered when transport policy is created to affect the behaviour of men and women equally. The achievement of social equality is one of the primary objectives of sustainable development.     

停车诱导信息的发布

目前，国内各大城市中关于停车位置及泊位利用情况的信息提供相对比较缺乏，导致停车场使用不合理，如何有效地向驾驶员提供信息，采用什么样的方式、怎样才能使信息提供收到预期的效果是解决停车难问题的关键，文中探讨了信息提供的内容、方式以及诱导屏的设计和设置，并结合湖州市停车管理规划项目给出了设计实例。     

弹性停车激励机制下驾车者竞价行为演化机理研究

在获取通勤驾车者个体活动出行轨迹及停车竞价数据的基础上,构建基于生存分析理论的驾车者竞价行为演化模型,解析不同因素对停车竞价行为的影响机理;应用灵敏度分析方法,研究激励方案及职住区位设施供给对竞价持续时长的作用规律.结果表明：弹性停车激励机制使原本为“耐用品”的停车泊位转变为“消耗品”,可以通过竞价激励方式降低驾车者的小汽车依赖性,提高城市停车泊位利用率;在弹性停车激励机制作用下,驾车者的泊位共享积极性不仅受自身社会经济属性影响,还受职住区位特征及竞价激励方案的影响;随着通勤驾车者停车泊位共享积极性的增强,参与停车竞价的次数越多,竞价行为的持续时间越长.     

城市中心商业区停车场ETC系统应用与评价

ETC不停车收费系统不仅应用在高速公路,同样也可以在城市中心商业区停车场发挥作用。借鉴高速公路ETC收费系统的工作原理,设计城市中心商业区停车场ETC系统架构。采用定性分析和模糊层次综合评价方法进行评价,商业区停车场ETC系统的社会经济效益体现在停车场收费经营者的效益、停车使用者的效益以及非使用者的效益上,当前城市中心商业区停车场ETC系统的应用评价为良好水平。该系统是对高速公路ETC的创新应用,还有待进一步提高。