城际零担货运平台车辆路径问题研究

在考虑城际零担货运平台现有各种不同补贴方案的基础上，以平台补贴成本、车辆使用成本及燃油成本之和最小为目标函数，建立考虑车-货匹配、车辆三维装载等约束条件的车辆路径优化模型。设计一种混合量子粒子群优化算法，计算货物匹配方案、车辆路径、货物装卸顺序、货物装载位置以及平台补贴最优决策方案。实验结果表明：改进的量子粒子群算法得到的小规模算例优化解与CPLEX优化软件得到的最优解偏差为3.31%；改进的量子粒子群算法通过在求解最佳中间位置时引入适应度函数值作为权重，求解的大规模算例结果比传统量子粒子群算法提高了0.91%；通过分析最优解的特点，将改进的量子粒子群算法与启发式算法相结合，算法的求解 质量提高了4.05%；通过补贴模式对比实验发现，在合理规划周期内，货主时长补贴和空载补贴的增长在维持总成本基本不变的情况下，可有效提升平台利润，提高车辆利用率。     

塑料轻质砂的颗粒分析方法

目前塑料轻质砂尚无标准的颗粒分析方法。为提高塑料轻质砂颗粒分析的准确性,对长江航道动床模型试验中常用的颗粒分析方法进行研究,分析各方法的适用性、分析结果和影响因素等。结果表明:激光法最适合开展塑料轻质砂颗粒分析;音波筛分法较为适合开展塑料轻质砂颗粒分析,但其对小粒径的塑料轻质砂有一定的分析误差;标准振筛法、尺量法、粒径计法、消光分析法等常规颗粒分析方法不适用于塑料轻质砂的颗粒分析。推荐以激光法分析结果作为高要求或争议仲裁的数据。     

基于粒子群-遗传优化算法的船舶避碰决策

为能在开阔水域中提升船舶驾驶员在多船会遇场景下的避碰决策能力,按照国际海上避碰规则(Convention on the International Regulations for Prerenting Collisions at Sea,COLREGs)的要求,综合考虑船舶航行的安全性与经济性,提出一种基于粒子群-遗传(Partide Swam Optimization-Genetic Algorithm,PSO-GA)的混合优化避碰决策算法。基于最近会遇距离(Distance of Close Point of Approaching,dCPA)和最近会遇时间(Time to Close Point of Approaching,tCPA)确定船舶碰撞危险度(Collision Risk Index,ICR)的计算方法,基于转向幅度与航行时间建立避碰决策目标函数。基于PSO-GA算法具有提高收敛精度和加速全局寻优的特点,当ICR≥0.5时,启动PSO-GA算法,获得让路船舶在全局范围内的最佳转向幅度和在新航向上的航行时间。仿真结果表明:与单独使用PSO或GA算法相比,PSO-GA算法能够以较少的迭代次数找到安全经济避碰航线。提出的避碰决策算法能够为船舶驾驶人员在避碰决策中提供参考,有助于提升船舶航行的安全性和降低船舶碰撞事故发生的风险。     

汽车空调对可吸入颗粒物的过滤机理和效果分析

本文旨在分析空调系统对可吸入颗粒物的阻隔机理、过滤机理和过滤效果。介绍了空调系统CLEAN AIR功能将车内空气质量控制在最优状态的工作机制。在不同风速下测定了单效空调滤清器和双效空调滤清器在过滤前后空气中可吸入颗粒物的计数浓度,得到了不同条件下各空调滤清器对可吸入颗粒物的过滤效率。研究发现,单效空调滤清器的过滤效率较低,不同条件下的过滤效率均不高于50%。双效空调滤清器对可吸入颗粒物的过滤效果更好,过滤效率达到80%以上,过滤效率随着颗粒物粒径的增大而增大,随着风速的增大而减小。双效过滤器的过滤阻力越大,其对可吸入颗粒物的过滤效率越高,而采用静电驻极技术可以在不牺牲风量的情况下显著提高可吸入颗粒物的过滤效率。另外,在不同的环境下,使用过相同里程和时间的空调过滤器的过滤效果会有很大差异。因此,依据过滤器的堵塞程度选择合理的更换周期,对维持良好的过滤效果具有重要的意义。     

Ultrafine particle infiltration into passenger vehicles. Part I: Experimental evidence

Previous studies have reported ultrafine particle (UFP) infiltration to the in-cabin microenvironment; however, no systematic measurements have been conducted showing where and under what conditions infiltration occurs. This study examined the automotive envelope leakage and UFP infiltration. We measured the differential pressures between the cabin and the potential leakage area on the surface of 11 passenger vehicles of different models/makers. To identify location of infiltration, UFP concentrations were concurrently measured inside and outside the vehicles as well as near the rear trunks. This study found that UFP infiltration primarily occurs through the rear trunk leakage under recirculation (RC) mode. Under RC mode, aerodynamic effects of a moving vehicle made the surface pressure on the side doors lower (i.e., exfiltration) than the cabin pressure, but higher (i.e., infiltration) on the rear trunk. The UFP concentrations measured near the rear trunks were 2–9 folds higher than inside vehicles. The magnitude of pressure differences increased at higher driving speeds. Under outdoor air (OA) mode, the infiltration was rarely observed because of the fan-controlled cabin pressurization. These data provide the first experimental evidence showing that UFP infiltration into passenger vehicles is location-specific and driving-speed-dependent.     

不同含水状态火山渣掺配土质砾砂改良填料动力特性及累积变形规律研究

具有多孔轻质特征的火山渣在水和列车动载耦合作用下的颗粒抗破碎能力及填料的变形和强度特性是影响其作为基床填料的关键问题。通过开展体积比3∶1火山渣掺配土质砾砂改良填料的室内动三轴试验,讨论了试样制备、动载及水和动载耦合作用下火山渣颗粒的破碎程度,分析了含水率及围压对改良填料临界动应力和累积塑性变形的影响规律。试验结果表明:处于压实状态的体积比3∶1火山渣掺配土质砾砂改良填料在动载及水和动载耦合作用下的相对破碎率低于3%,颗粒破碎不显著;临界动应力随含水率的增大而减小,随围压的增大而增大,饱和含水状态对应的临界动应力较最优含水状态小42%,但仍能满足普通铁路对基床底层填料动力特性的要求。     

Real-time estimation of lane-based queue lengths at isolated signalized junctions

In this study, we develop a real-time estimation approach for lane-based queue lengths. Our aim is to determine the numbers of queued vehicles in each lane, based on detector information at isolated signalized junctions. The challenges involved in this task are to identify whether there is a residual queue at the start time of each cycle and to determine the proportions of lane-to-lane traffic volumes in each lane. Discriminant models are developed based on time occupancy rates and impulse memories, as calculated by the detector and signal information from a set of upstream and downstream detectors. To determine the proportions of total traffic volume in each lane, the downstream arrivals for each cycle are estimated by using the Kalman filter, which is based on upstream arrivals and downstream discharges collected during the previous cycle. Both the computer simulations and the case study of real-world traffic show that the proposed method is robust and accurate for the estimation of lane-based queue lengths in real time under a wide range of traffic conditions. Calibrated discriminant models play a significant role in determining whether there are residual queued vehicles in each lane at the start time of each cycle. In addition, downstream arrivals estimated by the Kalman filter enhance the accuracy of the estimates by minimizing any error terms caused by lane-changing behavior.     

柴油机微粒捕集器逆向喷气再生试验研究

针对当前的柴油机微粒捕集器设计了一种"扫气式"逆向喷气再生装置。给出了反吹效率的定义,对再生效果进行了简要评价。以CY4102BQ柴油机为试验用发动机,利用台架试验对再生过程中的喷气压力、喷气时间和扫气时间对再生的影响进行了研究。     

Extended-Kalman-filter-based regenerative and friction blended braking control for electric vehicle equipped with axle motor considering damping and elastic properties of electric powertrain

Because of the damping and elastic properties of an electrified powertrain, the regenerative brake of an electric vehicle (EV) is very different from a conventional friction brake with respect to the system dynamics. The flexibility of an electric drivetrain would have a negative effect on the blended brake control performance. In this study, models of the powertrain system of an electric car equipped with an axle motor are developed. Based on these models, the transfer characteristics of the motor torque in the driveline and its effect on blended braking control performance are analysed. To further enhance a vehicle's brake performance and energy efficiency, blended braking control algorithms with compensation for the powertrain flexibility are proposed using an extended Kalman filter. These algorithms are simulated under normal deceleration braking. The results show that the brake performance and blended braking control accuracy of the vehicle are significantly enhanced by the newly proposed algorithms.     

ETAP软件在海洋石油平台电力系统谐波分析中的应用

随着电力系统的复杂性和规模的不断扩大,使用电力系统分析仿真软件对系统进行仿真计算已成为电气工程师的主要应用工具。通过对谐波的特点与治理以及ETAP软件的功能特点介绍,结合南海某油田项目实例,讲述如何采用ETAP对系统进行谐波分析,并给出计算结果和初步确定滤波方案。