非港湾式公交停车对道路交通流的影响分析

公交车进出站点不仅影响本身,也给其他车辆运行带来很大干扰。文章首先比较全面地分析非港湾式公交停车影响下道路交通流特征,然后借助于EXCEL软件,构建关于公交停车频率、公交停车时间、最大公交停车长度及其存在时间、道路流量的车速和车头时距多元线性模型,并进行了严格的数学检验。该研究为合理分析路段交通流状况、正确计算区间行驶车速与车头时距提供了依据。     

基于CAE分析的某车型发动机舱内饰优化设计

针对某车型发动机舱内多个零部件发生烤焦和烤化问题,根据CAE对整车爬坡工况时机舱内空气流动状函分析结果,得出此问题是由发动机舱进风量不足、发动机舱前部和后部存在空气热回流等现象所引起的。文章通过增加散热器导风板、修改前保险杠上部装饰板和发动机底部护板等措施,使总进风量提高了5．6％,发动机舱后部靠近前围外隔热垫温度明显降低。改善了发动机舱的内流状况,为后续的机舱内饰设计提供了新的思路和方法。     

间断流速度-密度关系模型研究

为了得到城市道路间断流的速度-密度关系,定义了宏观速度和密度参数,利用VISSIM仿真获取基础数据并进行统计分析,进而引入4参数Logit模型完成数据拟合,建立了速度-密度的4参数Logit模型.其次,分析了交通组成、道路几何形式和信号控制参数对模型参数的影响,完成了模型参数与影响因素之间的多元回归拟合,建立了适用于不同条件下的间断流速度-密度模型.通过实际数据验证,得到的一般4参数Logit模型的拟合优度为0.7左右,能够较为准确地描述间断流速度-密度关系.     

基于模糊线性回归的小轿车运行车速区间预测

将小轿车在公路上的运行车速用三角模糊数来表征.基于二级公路上30个样本路段的平曲线半径、纵坡度等线形数据和实测车速,利用模糊线性回归方法建立了小轿车第85百分位运行车速区间预测模型.通过另外10个样本路段数据对该区间预测模型进行了验证,结果表明:小轿车运行车速的95％置信区间大都处于模糊线性预测区间之内;预测得到的模糊中心值与观测值的相对偏差和模糊度与观测值的比值两种评价指标均在10％以内.同时,将模糊中心值和线性回归预测值进行了比较,结果表明:模糊线性回归模型的平均绝对误差、平均相对误差和最大相对误差三个指标均优于线性回归模型,达到了更高的估计精度.     

管道内污水两相流的阻力计算

目前的污水管道设计是将污水在管道内的流动视为单相均匀流,主要用谢才(Chezy)公式进行水力计算。由于存在管线长、流量大以及区域地形变化幅度较大等因素,建设区域排水系统需要采用新的方法,以便较准确的计算水头损失。文中将污水视为液-固两相流体。对于沿程阻力的计算,将流体分为均质流与非均质流,分别给出沿程阻力系数的计算公式;对于局部阻力,则借用气-固两相流动的局部阻力系数计算公式。最后得出了两相流情况下与单相流情况下的阻力系数区别。结论是沿程阻力系数的区别可不计,局部阻力系数差别较大,在进行设计时必须考虑。     

圆形直管湍流粗糙管区的摩擦因数计算

提出了简单适用的管路摩擦因数λ的计算方法,解决了柯尔布鲁克-怀特(Colebrook-white)公式中隐函数不易计算的问题,该方法计算精度高于其他现有简化公式;在10-8≤ε/d≤0.05、3000≤Re≤108时,该方程的计算结果与原Colebrook-White方程的平均相对偏差为0.3315%,最大偏差不超过2.0%。     

从河床冲淤分析沉管法修建长江水下隧道问题

文章从三峡水库泥沙入库量的减少以及三峡水库对泥沙的拦截作用两个方面分析了三峡水库对长江中下游河床冲刷的影响,具体剖析了现有冲刷数值模拟的最大冲刷量远较实际冲刷量为小的原因,因此得出了在三峡以下长江中下游不宜采用沉管法修建长江水下隧道的结论。对于重庆地区朝天门两江隧道的修建方案问题,文章在分析了决定修建沉管隧道方案可行性的两个关键参数,即河床水深和水流流速后,指出只要采取相应工程措施,采用沉管法修建两江隧道是可行的。     

A shockwave profile model for traffic flow on congested urban arterials

In this paper a new traffic flow model for congested arterial networks, named shockwave profile model (SPM), is presented. Taking advantage of the fact that traffic states within a congested link can be simplified as free-flow, saturated, and jammed conditions, SPM simulates traffic dynamics by analytically deriving the trajectories of four major shockwaves: queuing, discharge, departure, and compression waves. Unlike conventional macroscopic models, in which space is often discretized into small cells for numerical solutions, SPM treats each homogeneous road segment with constant capacity as a section; and the queuing dynamics within each section are described by tracing the shockwave fronts. SPM is particularly suitable for simulating traffic flow on congested signalized arterials especially with queue spillover problems, where the steady-state periodic pattern of queue build-up and dissipation process may break down. Depending on when and where spillover occurs along a signalized arterial, a large number of queuing patterns may be possible. Therefore it becomes difficult to apply the conventional approach directly to track shockwave fronts. To overcome this difficulty, a novel approach is proposed as part of the SPM, in which queue spillover is treated as either extending a red phase or creating new smaller cycles, so that the analytical solutions for tracing the shockwave fronts can be easily applied. Since only the essential features of arterial traffic flow, i.e., queue build-up and dissipation, are considered, SPM significantly reduces the computational load and improves the numerical efficiency. We further validated SPM using real-world traffic signal data collected from a major arterial in the Twin Cities. The results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the model. We expect that in the future this model can be applied in a number of real-time applications such as arterial performance prediction and signal optimization.     

A network option portfolio management framework for adaptive transportation planning

A real option portfolio management framework is proposed to make use of an adaptive network design problem developed using stochastic dynamic programming methodologies. The framework is extended from Smit’s and Trigeorgis’ option portfolio framework to incorporate network synergies. The adaptive planning framework is defined and tested on a case study with time series origin-destination demand data. Historically, OD time series data is costly to obtain, and there has not been much need for it because most transportation models use a single time-invariant estimate based on deterministic forecasting of demand. Despite the high cost and institutional barriers of obtaining abundant OD time series data, we illustrate how having higher fidelity data along with an adaptive planning framework can result in a number of improved management strategies. An insertion heuristic is adopted to run the lower bound adaptive network design problem for a coarse Iran network with 834 nodes, 1121 links, and 10 years of time series data for 71,795 OD pairs.     

输气管道置换优化研究

置换是输气管道投产试运过程中的重要工艺环节,是复杂的扩散、对流过程.文中介绍了输气管道投产前用氮气置换空气的几种方法,阐述了它们的工作原理与实施步骤,对比分析了它们的优缺点,优选了置换方式,并采用Fluent流体模拟软件建立了输气管道氮气置换数学模型,进行了三维稳态和非稳态数值计算,研究了置换过程中混气段长度随管径、管长、流速变化规律,将理论推导、数值计算和现场数据进行了对比,验证了理论结果的正确性,为现场施工提供了科学依据.