我国城市轨道交通规划建设管理政策调整方向刍议

我国多次调整城市轨道交通规划建设管理相关政策,这对于不同时期的轨道建设节奏能起到很好的调节作用。首先对我国城市轨道交通的发展历程进行回顾,并对规划建设管理方面的主要政策变化进行对比,最后结合政策在实际应用过程中所产生的问题,判断未来政策可能调整的方向,供业内同行交流讨论。     

SMA混合料级配参数特征研究

为研究SMA混合料在我国推广运用以来的级配变化情况及发展演变趋势,文章收集并分析了我国各地工程所使用的SMA16、SMA13混合料级配,并运用粗集料的粗比值、中位直径、频率直径及颗粒群均匀度等指标,对SMA混合料级配的粗细程度及其粒度均匀性进行分析评价.结果表明：SMA混合料级配逐渐变粗了,而且加大了粗集料中的大骨料用量,提高了SMA高温稳定性,级配均匀性逐渐下降,改善了施工和易性.     

火炮射击初速灰色预测方法研究

射弹初速是影响火炮射击精度的重要因素,研究并掌握火炮射击过程中的初速变化规律对于一名指挥员来说具有重要的指导意义。分析研究表明,采用灰色预测的方法研究火炮射击初速变化规律,既可行,其结果又可信。     

加强公路工程设计变更管理探讨

文章分析了公路建设过程中常见的项目设计变更问题与成因,提出了在设计阶段加强设计变更管理、在施工阶段完善设计变更管理的相关措施。     

绞吸挖泥船计算机辅助疏浚决策系统

介绍了自主开发研制的绞吸挖泥船计算机辅助疏浚决策系统的主要功能。该系统针对土质变化,运用多项高新技术,监测绞吸挖泥船的工作状态,建立施工参数与挖掘土质及产量的相互关系,通过分析、优化、辅助决策与提示,指导疏浚操作人员对疏浚参数的优化改进,从而提高绞吸挖泥船的生产效率。该系统已通过天津市科技成果鉴定和中港集团验收,并在集团多条绞吸船上推广使用,效果良好。     

Productivity,efficiency and technical change in the European railways: A non-parametric approach

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the evolution of productivity in the European railways in the period 1970–95. We use a non-parametric approach that enables changes in productivity to be broken down into variations in efficiency and technical change. The results indicate that the productivity growth is concentrated in the last period (1985–95), when the majority of the companies undertook processes of reforms. This increase in productivity is mainly due to technical progress. We also analyse the determinants of efficiency and, unlike other papers, the technical change, finding that the greater the degree of autonomy and financial independence, the higher the efficiency levels and technical change. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Part II: Policy instruments for sustainable road transport

Without questioning the fact that to achieve efficiency emitters should pay for the true costs of their actions (a core principle of economic policies such as pollution taxes), we find sufficient evidence in the literature to demonstrate that many other policy instruments can be used in combination with taxes and permits to ensure that the transport needs of the present generation can be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet any needs of their own.The policies and policy aspects considered in this paper broadly fall into three categories: physical policies, soft policies, and knowledge policies. All three aim to bring about changes in consumers’ and firms’ behaviour, but in different ways. The first category includes policies with a physical infrastructure element: public transport, land use, walking and cycling, road construction, and freight transport. We also consider the particular challenges for mobility in developing countries, and how these may be addressed. Soft policies, on the other hand, are non-tangible aiming to bring about behavioural change by informing actors about the consequences of their transport choices, and potentially persuading them to change their behaviour. These measures include car sharing and car pooling, teleworking and teleshopping, eco-driving, as well as general information and advertising campaigns. Finally, knowledge policies emphasise the important role of investment in research and development for a sustainable model of mobility for the future.The main findings can be summarised as follows.

Physical policies

An increase in the use of public transport, combined with a decrease in the use of private cars, can reduce traffic congestion and, more importantly, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, as public transport generally causes lower CO₂ emissions per passenger kilometre than private cars. Public transport fares are subsidised in most places, which can be justified by economies of scale and by the fact that public transport can reduce total road transport externalities. London, Singapore, Portland and Curitiba are all examples of good practice at government level, having achieved reliable, frequent and integrated public transport.Policies to increase public transport use must be part of an integrated policy. Integrated policy refers to integration across different modes of transport, different government objectives (such as the economy, health and the environment), considering the needs of different social groups, and coordinating action between the relevant government institutions. There is evidence that a lack of coordination can jeopardise the achievement of policy objectives.A sustainable model for transport policy also requires integration with land-use policies. These may be somewhat limited within the bounds of existing cities, but as cities grow and new cities are built, urban planners must put more emphasis on land use for sustainable transport in order to reduce congestion and CO₂ emissions. Sustainable land-use policy can direct urban development towards a form that allows public transport as well as walking and cycling to be at the core of urban mobility.Walking and cycling, which improve general health and produce no tailpipe emissions, constitute an excellent alternative to motorised transport on short-distance trips within towns and cities. The policies which can incentivise walking and cycling include crime reduction to make streets safer, well-maintained and clean pavements, attractive street furniture, safe crossings with shorter waiting times, dedicated cycle paths, showers in offices, and lower speed limits, to name but a few.Road construction and expansion used to be seen as one of the most promising ways to reduce traffic congestion. However, in the mid-1990s, the issue was reassessed and it was found that building and expanding roads, increased, rather than decreased, congestion, and ultimately induced higher levels of travel demand. The reason for this is that the extra capacity reduces the general cost of travelling and the less expensive the travel, the more it will be demanded. Regarding freight modal shift, road transport is much more polluting than rail per tonne-km of goods transported and therefore a shift towards greater use of rail in freight transport is desirable. Inadequate infrastructure is the main obstacle preventing this modal shift taking place.Developing countries face great mobility challenges: rural areas are often extremely poorly connected to transport infrastructure, such that, in contrast to the situation in developed countries, the benefits of road construction can strongly outweigh the total costs (including environmental ones). The main challenge, however, is to develop a solution to the problems arising from the combination of urbanisation and motorisation. Integration of transport and land-use policy will be key to rising to this challenge.

Soft policies

Car sharing and car clubs can also potentially reduce CO₂ emissions, although the aggregate reduction in congestion and emissions has not been measured with an adequate degree of precision in the literature. Teleworking and teleshopping can potentially reduce congestion and also CO₂ emissions. However, the evidence for this reduction is rather mixed, as it is unclear whether these measures lead to overall reductions in road transport.Eco-driving campaigns aim to inform and educate drivers in order to induce them to drive in a fuel-efficient and thus environmentally friendly way. There seems to be some consensus in the literature that eco-driving could lead to reductions in CO₂ emissions of around 10 per cent.Information and education policies have often been advocated as instruments which may affect behavioural change. We find in this paper that these types of measures are necessary, but not sufficient for behavioural change. Advertising and marketing may go a long way in changing peoples’ behaviour. In California, for example, Kahn (2007) finds the “Prius” effect: the Toyota Prius is preferred by consumers relative to other similarly green vehicles, probably due to extensive marketing and celebrity endorsements. Family life changes are also found to trigger changes in behaviour ( [Goodwin, 1989] and [106]). People whose lives are being changed by some important development (birth of a child, retirement, etc) tend to respond more to changes in the relative attractiveness of different transport modes. Advertising campaigns promoting a modal shift towards public transport, for instance, may thus be more successful if targeted at people in the process of important life transitions.

Knowledge policies

Research and Development is crucial for developing sustainable and low-carbon transport for the future, and it is essential that governments provide incentives to undertake R&D, so that new low-carbon technologies in the transport sector can be demonstrated and applied at a large scale.Finally, we consider the issue of policy combination and integration. There is evidence that the combination and integration of policies can lead to positive side-effects and synergies. Policy integration is crucial in order to rise to the challenges we face in moving towards a sustainable mobility model. We conclude that classical economic policies may be successfully combined with a number of policy measures discussed in this paper in order to achieve sustainability in transport.     

Dynamic change of aircraft seat condition for fast boarding

Aircraft boarding is a process mainly impacted by the boarding sequence, individual passenger behavior and the amount of hand luggage. Whereas these aspects are widely addressed in scientific research and considered in operational improvements, the influence of infrastructural changes is only focused upon in the context of future aircraft design. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the innovative approach of a Side-Slip Seat, which allows passengers to pass each other during boarding. The seat holds the potential to reduce the boarding time by approx. 20%, even considering operational constraints, such as passenger conformance to the proposed boarding strategy. A validated stochastic boarding model is extended to analyze the impact of the Side-Slip Seat. The implementation of such fundamental change inside the aircraft cabin demands for adapted boarding strategies, in order to cover all the benefits that accompany this new dynamic seating approach. To reasonably identify efficient strategies, an evolutionary algorithm is used to systematically optimize boarding sequences. As a result, the evolutionary algorithm depicts that operationally relevant boarding strategies implementing the Side-Slip Seat should differentiate between the left and the right side of the aisle, instead of the current operationally preferred boarding from the back to the front.     

妊高征患者血浆内皮素水平和血液流变学指标的动态变化

测定了３０例妊娠３０～４２周孕妇（２０例妊高征，１０例正常孕妇）血浆内皮素（Ｅｎｄｏｔｈｅｌｉｎ，ＥＴ）水平和血沉（ＥＳＲ），红细胞压积（Ｈｔ），全血粘度（ＷＢＶ）及血浆粘度（ＰＶ），并动态观察了５例病程较长妊高征患者血浆ＥＴ水平。结果显示，妊高征母体血浆ＥＴ水平显著高于正常孕妇，且随着病程延长和病情加重而有升高；妊高征组Ｈｔ及ＷＢＶ明显高于正常孕妇组，而ＥＳＲ则明显缓慢。两组ＰＶ无明显变化。妊高征组血浆ＥＴ水平与Ｈｔ及ＷＢＶ呈显著正相关，与ＥＳＲ及ＰＶ呈显著负相关。提示血浆ＥＴ水平及其动态变化与妊高征的严重程度呈正相关，可作为其病情判别和母婴预后估计的辅助指标。