盾构施工筹划原则及影响因素分析

以北京地铁4号线11合同段(灵境胡同-新街口)四站三区间的盾构施工筹划为例,重点分析影响盾构施工筹划的因素;以方案比较的方法,介绍了确定三区间总体筹划方案的详细过程.     

基于区内出行比例的城市交通小区半径计算方法

针对国内城市交通小区划分多靠定性分析的情况,分析了国内外交通小区划分方法,提出了基于区内出行比例的交通小区半径定量计算方法。基于交通小区半径和出行距离的三种不同组合,推导出了相应的区内出行比例计算模型,利用Excel软件的VBA编程功能,进行了三者之间的数量关系计算,通过对区内出行比例的控制,得出交通小区半径的合理范围。实例计算结果表明:当区内出行比例范围为5%～10%时,西安中心市区交通小区的合理半径在0.7～1.1km之间,而实际调查区内出行比例为9.28%,交通小区半径为0.9km,调查值与计算值接近,小区半径定量计算方法可行。     

基于动态网格模型的航线自动生成算法

为了充分利用电子海图信息,进行航线设计,提出了基于动态网格模型的航线自动生成算法。采用一个判断网格模型中方格可航性的快速算法,对方格的可航性进行分类;给出了一个有效地使用8个字节表示邻接方格8个方向的编码方法,使邻接方格的连通性与字节的逻辑操作相对应;提出了网格路径权序列均匀度概念,给出了距离等长路径的优选方法,分析了路径与所对应的实际航路长度的差异;基于二分查找法,求出航线上所有转向点的路径方格序列。研究结果表明:基于动态网格模型所生成的航线可避开危险的障碍物,是合理、安全的。     

组团式大城市客运综合换乘枢纽布局规划方法

为了使客运综合换乘枢纽布局适应中国大城市用地布局特征,分析了枢纽布局与城市土地利用、客运需求走廊分布和交通网络的关系,提出了宏观布局、微观选址的枢纽布局规划方法。宏观布局以公交导线土地开发为理念,确定枢纽的选址区域;微观选址以提高居民出行效率为目标,以用地性质、平均容积率及与客运需求走廊的距离为约束,建立非线性选址规划模型,确定枢纽的最佳位置。应用结果表明:应用该方法确定的枢纽选址区域与多中心组团式城市用地布局规划相一致,枢纽选址确定的最佳位置,其500m半径范围内覆盖的人口和就业岗位最高,而且能有效地反映枢纽布局与城市土地利用的互动性。     

应急设施鲁棒优化选址模型及算法

为解决不确定情况下应急设施选址问题,采用鲁棒优化方法处理应急节点权重的区间估计,基于最优的设施选址到各个应急节点的赋权距离之和最小,建立有限期要求的不确定性应急设施选址模型,并给出了模型的求解算法,比较分析了鲁棒解与确定情况下的最优解。分析结果表明:当情况发生变化后,在确定情况下得到的最优解将发生较大的偏差,而在所有可能发生的情况下,鲁棒解与最优解目标函数值的最大偏差最小,因此,不确定性应急设施选址模型的解可以有效规避风险。     

交通分配的粒子群优化算法

为了方便合理地分配交通量,提出了交通量多路径分配的粒子群优化算法。算法的求解方法是在粒子群算法中构造了路径条数维的粒子空间,每维对应一条可行性路线,其值为对应路径所分配的交通量;对粒子进行归一化处理,使交通量守恒,并进行交通量的多路径分配;根据目标函数评价与筛选粒子,直到满足终止条件。实例计算结果表明:利用粒子群算法得到的目标函数值最小,各路段分配的交通量没有超容量现象,模型求解过程具有方向性,对交通分配的网络规模无限制,因此,粒子群优化算法可行、合理。     

Developing a Spatially Enabled Inventory of Recreational Boats Using Vessel Registration Data

Effective waterway management requires information on the characteristics and locations of boats. A field-based boat census—a traditional method to obtain spatially accurate information—is relatively expensive, time-consuming, and restrictive in scope. Vessel registration data, maintained by all U.S. states, is potentially a more robust information source. This research evaluated the accuracy and reliability of vessel registration data to supply location and attribute information for boats. The study premise was to use vessel registration data, which includes the mailing address of registered boat owners, to develop a spatially enabled inventory of boats. The study area comprised 12,064 salt-water accessible property parcels in two Florida counties. An on-water census (OWC) provided location and characteristics for 5,023 vessels, which were compared to 8,681 vessel registration records linked to the study area. Discrepancies between the OWC and vessel registration data were explained by a stratified, random sample of 485 telephone survey respondents. Study results show that vessel registration data accurately located and characterized roughly 81% of the boat population; in contrast, the OWC accurately located less than 56%. A conclusion is that state vessel registration data is a better alternative than an OWC for locating and characterizing boats kept along waterways.     

基于理念更新的城市公共交通优先发展制度框架

破除发展理念误区与分歧、提升理念认识深度是加快推进中国城市公共交通优先(以下简称"公交优先")发展制度建设的首要任务。首先从公民权利和城市发展两方面总结了国际城市公交优先理念的基本内涵,并结合基本国情归纳了对中国城市公交优先理念的基本认识。接着,分析了国际城市公交优先不同制度与措施的战略出发点与实施效果,将公交优先理念划分为需求引导、品质吸引与效率提升三个层次。然后针对现状中国制度建设推进面临的问题,从核心价值、制度安排、工具与技术、绩效评价四个层次对城市公交优先发展的制度框架进行设计,提出制度建设在不同层面与不同阶段的任务、重点以及相关措施、建议。     

TRIP DISTRIBUTION MODELLING USING FUZZY LOGIC AND A GENETIC ALGORITHM

This article examines possibilities for the application of soft computing techniques for the prediction of travel demand. The model, based on fuzzy logic and a genetic algorithm, successfully solves the trip distribution problem. The possibilities of using the proposed model in solving trip generation, modal split and route choice problems have also been indicated. The model has been tested on a real numerical example. Exceptionally good correspondences between estimated and real values of passenger flows have been obtained.     

A hybrid optimization-simulation approach for robust weekly aircraft routing and retiming

We address the robust weekly aircraft routing and retiming problem, which requires determining weekly schedules for a heterogeneous fleet that maximizes the aircraft on-time performance, minimizes the total delay, and minimizes the number of delayed passengers. The fleet is required to serve a set of flights having known departure time windows while satisfying maintenance constraints. All flights are subject to random delays that may propagate through the network. We propose to solve this problem using a hybrid optimization-simulation approach based on a novel mixed-integer nonlinear programming model for the robust weekly aircraft maintenance routing problem. For this model, we provide an equivalent mixed-integer linear programming formulation that can be solved using a commercial solver. Furthermore, we describe a Monte-Carlo-based procedure for sequentially adjusting the flight departure times. We perform an extensive computational study using instances obtained from a major international airline, having up to 3387 flights and 164 aircraft, which demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed approach. Using the simulation software SimAir to assess the robustness of the solutions produced by our approach in comparison with that for the original solutions implemented by the airline, we found that on-time performance was improved by 9.8–16.0%, cumulative delay was reduced by 25.4–33.1%, and the number of delayed passengers was reduced by 8.2–51.6%.