破解难题 完善机制 做好我国海洋污染应急处置工作

文中重点就目前海洋污染事故存在的风险、交通运输部门针对船舶污染应急体系建设所做的工作、当前海洋污染事故应急瓜机制存在的问题以及对如何完善海洋污染事故应急反应机制等作思索和探讨。     

电力电子与绿色能源

介绍了绿色能源的概念,以风力发电为重点介绍了电力电子技术在绿色能源发展中的应用以及分布式发电在绿色能源系统方面的应用.     

四次Bézier曲线形状调整方法

分析已有的带形状调节参数的扩展Bézier基生成的曲线的方法,提出带调节参数的控制点变换阵的调整曲线形状的方法.其原理是通过将原来的Bézier曲线的控制点变换为新的一组控制点,进而生成新的Bézier曲线.这组控制点的位置与参数相关联,几何意义明显.     

A new approach for evaluating regional exposure to particulate matter emissions from motor vehicles

Exposure to fine particulate matter from vehicle exhaust is associated with increased health risk. This study develops a new approach for creating spatially detailed regional maps of fine particulate matter concentration from vehicle exhaust using a dispersion model to better evaluate these risks. The spatial extent, diurnal, and seasonal patterns of concentration fields across Los Angeles County, California are evaluated and population exposure and exposure equity by race and income are investigated. The results demonstrate how this modeling approach can create new knowledge about vehicle emissions exposure. This approach also provides a method for proactively screening out regional plans, or specific projects within these plans, that are likely to cause air quality concerns. A proactive and regional air quality assessment can identify potential problems earlier in the planning process and a wider range of solutions, saving time, money and protecting public health. The detailed concentration maps can also be used to improve the siting of regulatory air quality monitors and provide more accurate exposure data for epidemiology studies.     

界面污染对沥青小梁疲劳性能的影响研究

为研究层间界面的污染情况对沥青铺面整体使用性能所产生的影响，采用由不同类型混合料复合而成的、含有层间界面的复合沥青小梁，进行抗剪强度试验和四点弯曲疲劳试验，以机油污染和黄土污染作为污染源，调整污染量，用于模拟施工过程中可能存在的污染情况，并对其在不同工况下的层间抗剪强度及整体疲劳寿命进行测定。试验结果表明：（1）就各类影响层间抗剪强度因素的敏感性而言，机油污染的敏感性要高于黄土污染；（2）同等试验条件下，随着污染量的增加，复合小梁的疲劳寿命显著减小，一定程度后逐渐趋于稳定；（3）在相同污染量工况下，机油对于层间粘结性能的影响要大于黄土污染对其产生的影响；（4）就弯曲劲度模量损失量而言，当污染量达到一定程度后，复合小梁的层间粘结性就会丧失。     

A ‘sustainability window’ of urban form

With global environmental change and the rise of global megacities, environmental and social externalities of urban systems, and especially of urban form, become increasingly prevalent. The question of optimal urban form has been debated and investigated by different disciplines in numerous contexts, including those of transport costs, land consumption and congestion. Here we elucidate theoretically how urban form and the urban transport system systematically modifies sustainability concerns, such as greenhouse gas emissions, local air pollution and congestion. We illustrate our analytical considerations with empirical analysis. Denser urban form would almost unambiguously mitigate climate change, but it would also lead to undesired effects, such as a higher proportion of urban dwellers affected by air pollution. Our study presents a ‘sustainability window’ by highlighting trade-offs between these sustainability concerns as a function of urban form. Only a combination of transportation policies, infrastructure investments and progressive public finance enables the development of cities that perform well in several sustainability dimensions. We estimate that a residential population density between 50 and 150 persons/ha and a modal share of environmental modes above at least 50% corresponds to the sustainability window of urban form. The parameters of the sustainability window of urban form is subject to policy changes and technological progress.     

Effects of noise exposure of other people on aircraft noise tolerability using a reference point approach

Reactions to aircraft noise resulting from an airport development vary considerably among individuals. This paper examines whether the noise level tolerated by individuals is affected when they compare their own situation to the situations of other people who are more severely affected by the noise. We modeled the individual noise tolerability by adopting the reference point concept and the value function of prospect theory. A questionnaire assessed different levels of noise-affected zones at a hypothetical airport. Individual noise tolerable level was measured by a prerecorded aircraft noise presented via headphones. Decision-making associated with the reported satisfaction level regarding the changes in operational flight frequency settings at the airport. An interview survey was conducted with residents near Manila airport in the Philippines. We applied genetic algorithm to jointly estimate the parameters for noise tolerability model and the value function. Results showed that individuals tolerated more overhead flights when they considered the situations of other people worse affected by the noise than they were. The tendency of noise tolerability increased with the severity of noise exposure situations of other people, but lower reactions to noise escalation. We also observed diminishing sensitivity to changes in noise relative to the noise tolerable level. The aircraft noise tolerability and the consideration of noise exposure situations of other people appeared to be a vital aspect to be considered in airport noise management and policy.     

《城市停车规划规范》要点解读

《城市停车规划规范》(GB/T 51149—2016)(以下简称《规范》)已于2017年2月1日起实施,对其编制的技术要点及主要条文内容进行解读,有助于更好地理解和执行《规范》。首先对《规范》编制的主要目的、意义和背景进行介绍。在统一对城市停车规划认识的基础上,明确城市停车规划应包含的内容。对城市停车位供给规模及比例构成等关键技术指标进行解释和说明,支持城市可持续发展的停车规划的制定。在提出通过多种途径增加停车位供给以缓解当前停车矛盾的同时,也考虑到为支持新能源汽车的发展在规划上预留空间。     

高黎贡山隧道1#高地温斜井降温处理技术研究及比选

为解决高地温隧道工程中存在的作业环境差、机械设备故障多、劳动生产率低等高温热害问题,以大瑞铁路高黎贡山隧道1#长大斜井为背景，进行技术研究和降温方案比选。首先,分析热水源、监测隧道洞内外气象条件，通过加强通风措施改善人体的舒适度。其次，采用注浆封堵热水源，减少热水流量，控制施工环境的湿度和温度；采用冰块+射流风机+快热交换的处理措施，冰块吸收隧道内热量，降低局部环境温度；采用机械制冷设备进行强制降温，改善热害隧道施工环境；综合优化资源配置，采用增加作业人员和设备数量，倒班作业，缩短人员和设备作业时长等多种处理措施。最后，分析各种降温措施能够达到的施工效果。结果证明，针对以围岩、热水为主要热源的高地温隧道施工，采用“通风降温+注浆堵水+机械降温+合理施工组织”的处理方案，符合高地温隧道施工的技术要求。     

船舶防污染作业等级评定量化研究

文章应用模糊数学评估方法,建立船舶防污染作业等级评定模型,为量化研究船舶防污染作业单位安全状况提供了具体的方法和依据。最后结合辖区实际进行了验证。