A single-period analysis of a two-echelon inventory system with dependent supply uncertainty

Disruptions and random supplies have been important sources of uncertainty that should be considered in the design and control of supply chains. There have been many real world examples in which a single catastrophic event has simultaneously degraded the capabilities of several suppliers leading to considerable erosion of profits and goodwill for a company. However, the literature on analytical models that account for the dependence nature of disruptions and its impact on supply chain performance is sparse.In this paper, we consider an m-manufacturer, 1-retailer, newsvendor inventory system with stochastically dependent manufacturing capacities, caused by random disruptions that may simultaneously inflict damages to the capacities of the manufacturers. We develop the structural/analytical properties of key performance measures and optimal inventory policies for the multi-source and assembly inventory systems. We show that stochastic dependence in disruptions can have opposite effects on system performance in the multi-source and assembly systems. While risk diversification is preferred in the multi-source system, risk concentration is preferred in the assembly system. Our results also suggest that, if the retailer ignores the effect of dependent disruptions, then in the multi-source structure, it would underestimate the cost, overestimate the fill rate, and order more units than the optimum; however, in the assembly structure, the opposite would happen. We perform a comprehensive numerical study to validate our analytical results and generate useful managerial and operational insights for effective risk management of supply chains in the presence of dependent supply uncertainty.     

Bicycling renaissance in North America? An update and re-appraisal of cycling trends and policies

This paper reviews trends in cycling levels, safety, and policies in Canada and the USA over the past two decades. We analyze aggregate data for the two countries as well as city-specific case study data for nine large cities (Chicago, Minneapolis, Montréal, New York, Portland, San Francisco, Toronto, Vancouver, and Washington). Cycling levels have increased in both the USA and Canada, while cyclist fatalities have fallen. There is much spatial variation and socioeconomic inequality in cycling rates. The bike share of work commuters is more than twice as high in Canada as in the USA, and is higher in the western parts of both countries. Cycling is concentrated in central cities, especially near universities and in gentrified neighborhoods near the city center. Almost all the growth in cycling in the USA has been among men between 25-64 years old, while cycling rates have remained steady among women and fallen sharply for children. Cycling rates have risen much faster in the nine case study cities than in their countries as a whole, at least doubling in all the cities since 1990. They have implemented a wide range of infrastructure and programs to promote cycling and increase cycling safety: expanded and improved bike lanes and paths, traffic calming, parking, bike-transit integration, bike sharing, training programs, and promotional events. We describe the specific accomplishments of the nine case study cities, focusing on each city’s innovations and lessons for other cities trying to increase cycling. Portland’s comprehensive package of cycling policies has succeeded in raising cycling levels 6-fold and provides an example that other North American cities can follow.     

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在对区域交通一体化发展目标分解的基础上,从定性和定量两个角度建立了一套相对全面、适用可行的评价指标体系.考虑到目前区域交通一体化评价的相关统计数据不足,本文引入了模糊层次分析法确定评价指标权重,并考虑各分目标的不同重要程度提出了加权灰色欧几里德关联度评价模型,从而建立了基于FAHP赋权和加权灰色关联度定量评价的区域交通一体化组合评价方法.评价指标和方法的提出,弥补了现有研究的不足,实现了区域交通一体化的客观评价.实例分析表明,本文提出的组合评价方法相对于单一的评价方法更加科学严谨,具有较强的适用性和可操作性,为完善的区域交通一体化评价方法提供了理论参考.     

不同类型交通需求管理实践与探索——以深圳市为例

交通需求管理是大城市交通政策的重要组成部分,提出了基于实施难易影响因素的交通需求管理措施分类,总结了深圳从20世纪90年代中期开始相继实施的一系列相对较易实施的交通需求管理措施情况,分析展望需进一步考虑的交通需求管理措施。针对交通拥挤收费这一较难及重大的需求管理措施,回顾了深圳探索性研究拥挤收费方案,包括交通拥挤收费总体调控目标、收费区域范围、收费模式与时段、收费系统技术选型等,分析了实施面临的困难,并提出了实施突破与替代的建议。     

航空军交运输军民融合保障机制建设研究

概述了航空军交运输军民融合保障机制的内涵、特征和构成,阐述了建立航空军交运输军民融合保障机制的重要意义,分析了开展军民融合航空军交运输保障的基础。并在此基础之上,提出了建立航空军交运输军民融合保障机制的主要措施,为我军军交运输保障机制建设拓宽了思路。     

资源集成化项目管理在水运工程建设中的应用研究

十一五以来,我国水运工程建设蓬勃发展。水运工程"投资主体多元化、投资方式多样化、建设规模大型化、项目管理复杂化"趋势明显。单一传统的项目组织方式已满足不了水运工程建设和建设目标的需要。需要探索和研究适应于我国水运工程特点和水运工程项目管理特点的新型项目管理模式,以提高项目管理水平。通过专业化的管理技术、管理方法和管理程序,对项目进行系统化、集成化的管理以实现项目的系统目标。     

城乡客运一体化公交线路补贴规模测算模型

科学合理的测算城乡公交线路补贴规模是实现城乡客运一体化的前提基础,在分析城乡客运补贴现状差异及存在问题的基础上,提出了建立一体化补贴机制的思路,并构建了基于经营线路的补贴规模测算模型,最后以成都市8路公交线路为例,对补贴规模测算模型进行了实例分析.     

浅析美国海军装备发展和舰船维修改革

文章研究分析了美国海军装备发展特点、舰船装备维修保障的现状和持续不断的维修改革情况,提出了海军装备发展、舰船维修保障建设、军民一体化装备保障和解决维修保障问题的意见和建议。     

交通区位性能与大型铁路客站对交通资源的整合作用

本文提出交通区位性能的概念,构建基于交通区位性能视角的大型铁路客站对交通资源整合作用的理论解释框架,以此来探讨网络中枢纽节点的资源配置效率与网络效率之间的内在关系,并从交通资源、运输产品以及运输业网络经济的角度对框架进行分析论证。大型铁路客站的交通区位性能是决定客站能否充分发挥整合作用的关键因素,铁路客站通过提升其交通区位性能而有效发挥对交通资源的整合作用,并表现为通过提高交通资源的耦合程度、改善运输产品及服务质量、实现运输业网络经济而最终达到提高网络效率的目的。     

基于理念更新的城市公共交通优先发展制度框架

破除发展理念误区与分歧、提升理念认识深度是加快推进中国城市公共交通优先(以下简称公交优先)发展制度建设的首要任务。首先从公民权利和城市发展两方面总结了国际城市公交优先理念的基本内涵,并结合基本国情归纳了对中国城市公交优先理念的基本认识。接着,分析了国际城市公交优先不同制度与措施的战略出发点与实施效果,将公交优先理念划分为需求引导、品质吸引与效率提升三个层次。然后针对现状中国制度建设推进面临的问题,从核心价值、制度安排、工具与技术、绩效评价四个层次对城市公交优先发展的制度框架进行设计,提出制度建设在不同层面与不同阶段的任务、重点以及相关措施、建议。