How do economies of density in container handling operations affect ships’ time and emissions in port? Evidence from Norwegian container terminals

Efficient port services are prerequisites for competitive and sustainable maritime transports. This paper makes advances in studying the determinants of the time that ships spend in port and the associated emissions to air. We estimate a production model for cargo handling based on a unique dataset containing each port of call at the largest container terminals in Norway in 2014. In turn, we use auxiliary engine emission factors to estimate particulate matter and nitrogen oxide emissions from ships at berth, to determine how the corresponding damage costs of air pollution vary with container throughput, location, and terminal investments. We find that Norwegian container terminals operate under increasing returns to density. Small ships that unload few containers are far from reaping economies of density, leading to high marginal time requirements for container handling and consequently high marginal external costs. From a Pigouvian taxation perspective, port charges should therefore be regressive in the number of containers handled. Moreover, we find that the external costs of maritime transports are severely understated when port operations are ignored. Our model allows determining the marginal productivities of port facilities. Thereby, it is instrumental in designing port charges that are diversified according to the quantity of containers handled and the service quality (i.e., the speed of handling operations). Regarding contextual factors, we find that establishing high-frequent liner services improves the ship working rate, while simultaneous calls at a terminal impede productivity. The type of container (loading/unloading; empty/laden) also appears to influence the duration of ship working.     

垃圾渗滤液对钻孔桩的施工及其耐久性的影响

城市的扩展使得部分新建的构筑物建设在早期垃圾填埋场上,施工建筑物基础时会破坏原垃圾填埋场的防渗体系,造成含大量有害离子的垃圾渗滤液污染地下水,而且施工完成后,垃圾渗滤液也会腐蚀桩基.为评估并减少垃圾渗滤液的不利影响,以建设在垃圾填埋场上的某铁路桥梁桩基为研究对象,通过理论研究和模型计算,对垃圾渗滤液污染物的传输特点和桩基的耐久性进行分析,得出泥浆密度、泥皮厚度、渗滤历时与单桩浆液损失量的关系,地下水新增污染物浓度与泥浆损失量、泥浆参数等的关系,以及混凝土保护层厚度和去锈剂的使用对桩基耐久性的影响.     

Valuation of environmental externalities: from theory to decision‐making

Valuation of externalities is a condition for correct investment and pricing decisions in transport. This paper provides a brief survey of the main studies achieved in OECD countries in order to get these valuations. Numerical values for the average social cost of transport are presented. The procedures according to which environment is taken into account in France and Italy are analyzed, and the importance of valuation in these procedures is assessed. Finally, prospects for further research and new developments are expressed.     

公路建设环境保护与绿色施工

对公路建设施工造成的环境污染及其危害性进行了分析,提出切实可行的文明施工、防止污染、新科技环保等综合措施,坚持可持续发展的科学发展观,发展文明施工、绿色施工。     

论海上平台的防污染管理

通过对海上石油平台防污染管理的相关国际公约、国内法规的梳理,分析了国际公约和国内法规的异同点,并结合管理现状提出了建议。     

降低重型车用柴油机废气排放的技术措施

在维持重型车用柴油机良好的燃油经济性的同时，降低其氮氧化物（NOx）和微粒（PM）排放的关键，是燃烧过程的进一步优化。阐述了喷油系统的改进、燃烧室设计的优化、4气门低涡流和可变涡流结构的采用等技术措施的潜力，以及一些诸如排气再循环、喷水和掺烧清洁燃料等附加措施的效果     

沈局重点工业污染源确定原则和评价方法的探讨

根据沈局污染源管理的需要,对沈局污染源进行了重新评价,制定了确定重点工业污染源的3项原则:依量原则;依害原则;依位原则.遵循3项原则,我们选择了新的污染源评价方法,即对等标污染负荷法进行了加权处理.处理后的评价方法能够较为全面地反映污染源的潜在污染能力,是确定重点工业污染源的直接依据.     

浅谈29000DWT化学品/成品油船的环保设计

本文简述船舶环保设计的重要性,并介绍了29 000 DWT化学品/成品油船环保措施的设计。     

家装污染及其检测治理技术

本文主要介绍了家装污染对人的危害以及污染来源,提出了污染检测、治理方法和家装的发展方向。     

船舶污水处理系统的技术方案

船舶污水处理系统的处理及排放通常按国际防污染公约执行。随着环保意识的增强，国际防污染公约不断修订，各地区制订了许多地方性排污法规，极大地限制了船舶污水的处理及排放，污水系统的设计和使用都面临着新的变革。通过对国际防污染公约及各地方污水排放标准的分析，阐述船舶污水排放要求及其发展，根据船舶污水排放受到国际公约与地方法规之间的不同限制，提出船舶油污水、黑水、厨房灰水、洗涤灰水系统排放、收集、处理方案，按照水域的不同，采取直接排放、处理或贮存等措施，以实现船舶污水达到处理排放直至零排放的目标，更好地保护海洋生态环境。