丹东地区及港口船舶防污问题探讨

随着丹东地区经济的快速发展,丹东地区渔船、游船、货船的船舶数量也随着增加,而船舶污染也随之严重起来。报告了丹东港口船舶污染问题的现状,对船舶不正当排放的污染源及船舶污染的特点进行调查,最后对船舶污染的治理提出建议。     

Air pollution history elucidated from anthropogenic spherules and their magnetic signatures in marine sediments offshore of Southwestern Taiwan

Kaohsiung City and its neighborhood in the southwestern coastal plain of Taiwan have suffered serious air pollution since the region became the largest center for heavy-industry on the island. In order to unravel the air pollution history of the region, four ²¹⁰Pb- and ¹³⁷Cs-dated sediment box cores recovered in 2006 from offshore of this area were chosen for magnetic and petrographic analyses. The data were used to distinguish changes in concentration, composition and grain size of magnetic particles in the sediments due to inputs of anthropogenic magnetic spherules. Sedimentation rates have been reasonably constant for the last one hundred years, except at the core tops which were affected by a turbidite layer induced by a typhoon in 2005. Down-core profiles of mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (χ) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) are similar among the cores, and reflect similar trends to magnetic spherule counts. This reveals that χ and SIRM of modern marine sediments can be used as air pollution indicators for nearby industrialized upwind areas. The studied record indicates that industrialization of the area was gradual during 1950–1980 and boomed afterward, resulting in a high production of airborne magnetic spherules, which is consistent with evidence for poor air quality at that time. Optical and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) surveys of magnetic extracts indicate that the magnetic spherules have grain sizes ranging from a few micrometers up to 50 μm and consist mainly of iron oxides with variable Si, Al, and Ca contents. X-ray diffraction analysis on magnetic extracts from different depths in the cores further indicates that magnetite and pyrrhotite, which are derived from terrigenous detritus, form the magnetic constituents of the sediments before the area was industrialized. In contrast, during the industrial boom, anthropogenic magnetite and hematite spherules became the dominant magnetic particles in the sediments. Down-core profiles of hard isothermal remanent magnetization (HIRM) below the turbidite layer also reveal similar trends to the corresponding magnetic spherule counts, which indicate that the concentration of hematite in the sediments is also closely related to the extent of air pollution. In addition, relatively low values of χ_ARM/χ, which are indicative of coarse magnetic grains, started to occur when large magnetite spherules became significant during the industrialized period. The air pollution history elucidated from our sediment core data not only reflects the development of Kaohsiung from a small village to a highly industrialized metropolitan area in the 20th century, but it is also consistent with the most recent air pollution trends revealed by real time air quality measurements of PM₁₀. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of magnetic parameters for delineating the air pollution history of coastal marine sediments down-wind of nearby industrialized regions.     

汽车排放污染及净化对策研究

阐述汽车排放污染物的成分及其危害,介绍新排放法规Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型试验限值,重点分析汽车的5项排放影响因素及其净化措施。     

无谐波异步电动机软启动器的设计

文章介绍了一种以AT89C51单片机为主控核心器件,运用双向可控硅过零触发的PWM技术,实现异步电动机电源的调压控制的软起动器,它既可达到软起动器控制电动机起动电流的目的,又克服了一般软起动器易产生谐波污染的缺陷,有一定的实用推广价值。     

Costs of air pollutants from shipping: a meta-regression analysis

ABSTRACT

This study estimated the external cost of air pollution from shipping by means of a meta-regression analysis, which has not been made before. Three pollutants, which were included in most of the primary studies, were considered: nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulphur dioxides (SO₂) and particulate matters with a diameter of max 2.5 micrometres (PM_2.5). All primary studies included damages of health and a majority added impacts on agriculture and estimated the cost of air pollutants by transferring cost estimates from studies on costs of air emissions from transports in Europe. Different regression models and estimators were used and robust results were found of statistically significant emission elasticities of below one, i.e. total external costs increase by less than 1% when emissions increase by 1%. There was a small variation between the pollutants, with the highest elasticity for PM_2.5 and lowest for NO_x. Calculations of the marginal external cost of the pollutants showed the same pattern, with this cost being approximately six times higher for PM_2.5 than for the other pollutants. Common to all pollutants was that the marginal external cost decreases when emission increases. Another robust result was a significant increase in the cost of studies published in journals compared with other publication outlets. These findings point out some caution when transferring constant external unit cost of air pollutant from shipping, which is much applied in the literature, and the cost functions estimated in this study could thus provide a complementary transfer mechanism.     

Toxic air pollutants and trucking productivity in the US

This paper introduces toxic air pollutants into the measurement of trucking productivity to obtain true productivity growth. Our results show that omitting or ignoring toxic air pollutants in measuring trucking productivity yields statistically significant biased productivity estimates in for 2002-2005. Trucking productivity growth was understated by the traditional productivity measure, because the latter did not account for reductions in truck air pollution over time. We also find that the difference between traditional and environmental efficiency scores was negligible, suggesting that environmental constraint did not distort efficiency in the trucking sector.     

基于系统工程的春运摩托车返乡潮现象的交通事故机理分析

春运摩托车返乡潮是我国近几年出现的独特新现象,其交通事故频发的状况引起了社会的高度关注。针对此问题,采用交通系统工程的分析方法,构建了摩托车交通安全系统的基本要素及其相互关系模型图,以有关的文献报道和调查资料为基础,从人、车、路、环境和管理等方面归纳分析了恶劣天气型、疲劳行车型、黑夜行车型、路况不熟型、路况不良型及骑车技能不佳型等6种类型摩托车交通事故的机理。最后分别给公路管理部门、交警部门及政府提出了对策建议。     

华北高速公路交通事故的日迹变化与气象要素的关联分析

通过整理华北高速公路3年(2007年3月～2010年2月)逐时的交通事故资料,并与同步气象要素资料进行日迹变化分析,可以看到平均交通事故的日迹变化呈双峰型分布特征。由此,按交通事故双峰型的时间段(5:00～12:00和13:00～次日4:00),分别以年度、春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的平均交通事故与同步气象要素的日迹变化进行相关分析,其中平均气温、平均风速和平均相对湿度与交通事故的相关程度都通过了相应的统计学检验(R>Rα=0.05和F>Fα=0.05),而且在夏季5:00～12:00的交通事故高峰过程中,交通事故与风速呈指数相关的系数高达0.992 3,相当于平均风速每减小1m.s-1,交通事故的增加幅度为0.28次。为将自动气象监测的信息更好地服务于高速公路的交通安全,设计出了高速公路交通事故的气象风险等级指标。由此可见,华北高速公路交通事故的日迹变化与气象要素的分析成果,可为高速公路交通安全提供客观的科学依据。     

人行索桥合理结构形式研究

为得到适合山区人行索桥的合理结构形式,通过对目前大部分山区人行索桥安全隐患及事故的调查,并对悬索桥和索道桥进行理论计算和对比分析,提出索桁结构概念。索桁桥结构由上主缆、下桥面缆索及吊杆组成,通过在空载下张拉下桥面索形成一个类似桁架结构的空间体系。通过对索桁桥、悬索桥、索道桥3种结构形式的对比分析可知,在山区修建人行索桥采用索桁结构体系是比较合理的,索桁桥可以降低活载挠度,节省工程造价。     

基于汽车保险数据评价乘用车安全性方法研究

文章结合国内外汽车安全技术的发展,选择与设定主动安全、被动安全、耐撞性与维修经济性三方面评价车辆安全性能的具体指标,并基于交通事故环境挖掘了人、时间、地域等影响安全评价的其他因素;利用层次分析法与专家调研法,确定评价车辆安全性能指标的权重,构建出评价车辆安全性能的有效算法,并分析了算法的可行性;基于某大型保险公司201...