高速公路隧道交通安全保障系统的研究

高速公路隧道交通安全保障系统是一个复杂的动态系统,是对隧道交通安全运行环境的优化,以减少交通事故发生的可能性以及减轻事故的严重程度,提高道路服务水平,保证高速公路隧道的安全行车。本文以京珠高速公路韶关段隧道为例,对高速公路隧道交通事故特点进行分析,并根据人机工程学原理,探讨高速公路的交通事故的致因因素,提出了高速公路隧道交通安全保障系统的设计思路,然后从人性化和可持续发展的角度出发,建立了以静态管理和动态管理相结合的高速公路隧道交通安全保障系统,并探讨了其运作模式,最后分析了该交通安全保障系统的关键技术,以保障高速公路隧道的安全运营的可靠性、先进性、实时性、可用性以及高效性。     

舰船防污染技术新进展

介绍了舰船防污染领域中生活污水处理技术,灰水处理技术、油污水处理技术的现状,对现有船舶污水处理装置存在的问题进行了分析,论述了船舶污水处理技术的发展趋势．     

Efficiency evaluation and PM emission reallocation of China ports based on improved DEA models

The emission of particulate matter (PM) and other atmospheric pollutants in port operations and shipping have caused a huge negative impact on the environment. Consequently, how to evaluate the environmental efficiency of ports and put forward corresponding countermeasures on this basis is becoming a more important issue than ever before from the perspectives of the government, academia, and society. We construct three data envelopment analysis (DEA) models to evaluate the environmental efficiency of ports under the circumstances of environmental control, non-environmental control and PM emission through inter-ports cooperation. The innovation of the DEA models constructed in this paper lies in: (1) Setting environmental control parameters to uniformly manipulate the situations of environmental control and non-environmental control, etc.; (2) Allowing non-equal proportional change of input index, expected output and non-expected output index; (3) Setting preference coefficients for ports to admit favorable decisions; (4) Providing a distance formula of expected output for PM emission reallocation. Further, data from 11 major ports in China are collected to compare the expected output under different PM emission standards assuming the situation of environmental control and non-environmental control, port cooperation, and non-cooperative sewage discharge. The empirical results show that: (1) Ports in the eastern China (Shanghai, Ningbo, and Nanjing) have higher port efficiency; (2) Port cooperation can improve the overall expected output but it will lose its edge with the improvement of PM emission standards. (3) Ports follow the same trend of output loss regardless of favorable decisions. In the end, the author makes a summary, puts forward relevant policy suggestions and makes the recommendation for future research.     

桥侧大面积堆土致斜交梁桥倒塌事故分析

以杭州绕城高速上发生垮塌的斜交桥梁为案例,通过现场调查取证,获取了案例桥施工图纸、地质情况和现场的破坏信息。在此基础上,采用摩尔-库仑模型模拟土体的弹塑性性质,用实体单元来模拟盖梁、承台、桥墩、桩基等桥梁结构,用不同区域的均布荷载来模拟堆载作用,并且设置接触单元来考虑桩-土相互作用,模拟桩-土之间的滑移和分离,建立三维有限元模型。同时研究了土体的物理参数（淤泥层和亚黏土层弹性模量）、堆载高度和斜交角对桥梁结构的影响。研究结果表明：大面积堆土导致近堆土侧桥墩、桩基发生比远堆土侧更大的位移,对于斜交桥,该位移方向与两侧桥墩连线即盖梁的方向成一定角度,从而导致近侧桥墩、桩基在轴力、弯矩和剪力外,需要承受较大的扭矩;随着斜交角从0°增加到40°,近侧桥墩、桩基承受的扭矩持续增大,扭矩逐步成为控制桩基破坏的主要因素;堆载引起淤泥层的沉降会导致该部分土层产生较大的负摩阻力,进一步改变了桩身轴力的分布;土体的弹性模量、堆土高度对桥梁在堆载作用下的横向位移和内力有很大影响;杭州绕城高速垮塌的主要原因是在软弱层上堆土导致桩基发生压、弯、剪、扭破坏。     

汽车VS二轮车十字路口事故场景研究

为研究十字路口发生的汽车与二轮车事故场景,基于NAIS事故数据库中发生在十字路口的汽车与二轮车事故数据开展研究。选择描述十字路口事故关键参数,依据事故发生时环境照明、十字路口信号灯、汽车所在道路车道数、道路限速、汽车种类、汽车速度、汽车运动方式、第一碰撞点、二轮车种类、二轮车运动方式等参数,对事故数据进行聚类分析,得到5类主要危险场景。基于发生频率最大和骑车人死亡风险最高的场景具有危险场景代表性,最终得到2类十字路口汽车与二轮车的典型事故场景。为十字路口汽车与二轮车的冲突消解、避撞策略研究提供参考。     

城市交通相关空气污染健康风险研究综述

交通空气污染问题作为交通问题重要部分,因危及到人体健康而越发受到人们的重视。文章将对近年来关于交通空气污染对人体健康影响的相关研究进行综述,并从不同交通空气污染物导致的相关疾病及其与特定污染物暴露研究方法分析介绍,从而更为系统全面了解地交通相关空气污染物作用于人体相关生物机理,为交通相关空气污染控制与防护提供科学依据。     

基于汽车保险数据评价乘用车安全性方法研究

文章结合国内外汽车安全技术的发展,选择与设定主动安全、被动安全、耐撞性与维修经济性三方面评价车辆安全性能的具体指标,并基于交通事故环境挖掘了人、时间、地域等影响安全评价的其他因素;利用层次分析法与专家调研法,确定评价车辆安全性能指标的权重,构建出评价车辆安全性能的有效算法,并分析了算法的可行性;基于某大型保险公司2016与2017两年的保险事故理赔数据,选取市场保有量高的乘用车辆数据进行实例分析,计算车辆安全的各项具体指标,得出最终的评价结果。     

浅析近岸石油平台作业防污染之对策

文中通过对辖区移动式平台在石油开发生产中防污染工作的分析,并结合近几年来对防污染管理工作的探索,提出防污染工作的合理化建议,以期达到有效防止近岸石油平台作业污染,确保让海洋更清洁之目的。     

丹东地区及港口船舶防污问题探讨

随着丹东地区经济的快速发展,丹东地区渔船、游船、货船的船舶数量也随着增加,而船舶污染也随之严重起来。报告了丹东港口船舶污染问题的现状,对船舶不正当排放的污染源及船舶污染的特点进行调查,最后对船舶污染的治理提出建议。     

Air pollution history elucidated from anthropogenic spherules and their magnetic signatures in marine sediments offshore of Southwestern Taiwan

Kaohsiung City and its neighborhood in the southwestern coastal plain of Taiwan have suffered serious air pollution since the region became the largest center for heavy-industry on the island. In order to unravel the air pollution history of the region, four ²¹⁰Pb- and ¹³⁷Cs-dated sediment box cores recovered in 2006 from offshore of this area were chosen for magnetic and petrographic analyses. The data were used to distinguish changes in concentration, composition and grain size of magnetic particles in the sediments due to inputs of anthropogenic magnetic spherules. Sedimentation rates have been reasonably constant for the last one hundred years, except at the core tops which were affected by a turbidite layer induced by a typhoon in 2005. Down-core profiles of mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (χ) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) are similar among the cores, and reflect similar trends to magnetic spherule counts. This reveals that χ and SIRM of modern marine sediments can be used as air pollution indicators for nearby industrialized upwind areas. The studied record indicates that industrialization of the area was gradual during 1950–1980 and boomed afterward, resulting in a high production of airborne magnetic spherules, which is consistent with evidence for poor air quality at that time. Optical and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) surveys of magnetic extracts indicate that the magnetic spherules have grain sizes ranging from a few micrometers up to 50 μm and consist mainly of iron oxides with variable Si, Al, and Ca contents. X-ray diffraction analysis on magnetic extracts from different depths in the cores further indicates that magnetite and pyrrhotite, which are derived from terrigenous detritus, form the magnetic constituents of the sediments before the area was industrialized. In contrast, during the industrial boom, anthropogenic magnetite and hematite spherules became the dominant magnetic particles in the sediments. Down-core profiles of hard isothermal remanent magnetization (HIRM) below the turbidite layer also reveal similar trends to the corresponding magnetic spherule counts, which indicate that the concentration of hematite in the sediments is also closely related to the extent of air pollution. In addition, relatively low values of χ_ARM/χ, which are indicative of coarse magnetic grains, started to occur when large magnetite spherules became significant during the industrialized period. The air pollution history elucidated from our sediment core data not only reflects the development of Kaohsiung from a small village to a highly industrialized metropolitan area in the 20th century, but it is also consistent with the most recent air pollution trends revealed by real time air quality measurements of PM₁₀. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of magnetic parameters for delineating the air pollution history of coastal marine sediments down-wind of nearby industrialized regions.