增材制造技术发展和在先进轨道交通装备中的应用展望

从增材制造技术的应用现状出发,概述了几种增材制造技术的特点和应用范围;介绍了典型的金属增材制造最新研究进展;考虑现有增材制件存在的固有缺陷、残余应力和裂纹等问题,总结了能有效改善成形增材制件质量的后处理工序;梳理了增材制件疲劳性能的影响因素,重点阐述了缺陷与增材制件疲劳损伤的关联性;探讨了增材制造技术广泛应用所涉及的关键技术;系统总结了金属增材制造技术在国内外轨道交通装备领域的应用现状。研究结果表明：由于热源和工艺参数不同,增材制造技术制备材料的组织特性和力学性能存在差异;增材制造的钛合金、铝合金以及其他前沿金属材料在轨道交通装备领域具有较好的应用前景;合理的后处理工艺可以有效控制缺陷的形成,消除残余应力,减少微裂纹;缺陷作为制约增材制造技术在制造行业应用的关键因素,研究其分布规律和探究其与疲劳性能的关系,对增材制件的疲劳性能评估有重要作用;从材料规范、成形精度、质量控制、生产效率、生产链以及无损检测技术等方面,综合增强增材制造关键技术自主创新性研发,有助于提升中国制造行业在国际上的竞争力;增材制造技术受到轨道交通行业的重视,并开始应用这种新型技术成形了金属结构件,但该技术的成熟应用仍面临许多问题,需要国内外学者进一步开展深入研究。     

逻辑框架法在工程项目后评价中的应用

工程项目后评价是项目周期的1个重要环节。工程项目后评价中的逻辑框架法属于在工程管理专业领域应用的定性分析方法。介绍逻辑框架法的框架结构及逻辑关系、工程项目后评价逻辑框架分析的重点,并以天津市某综合治理工程项目作为实际案例。说明逻辑框架法在工程项目后评价中的应用。     

Effects of demurrage and detention regimes on dry-port-based inland container transport

Increase of congestion at container deep seaports and shortage of capacity has led inland transport systems worldwide to rely more and more on inland terminals, and on the use of high capacity modes of transport to generate economies of scale and reduce negative effects of trucking. In this setting, planning the transport of maritime containers between a deep seaport and a final inland destination must also consider due dates and soft time windows, the latter known as Demurrage and Detention (D&D). In this paper, we formalize the concept of D&D, model the multimodal planning problem, and assess the impact of different D&D regimes on the emerging inland transport systems. By means of an experimental framework, we compare different D&D policies and provide managerial insights. The experiments highlight the effects of existing D&D regimes on transport efficiency and provide guidelines for their choice in practice. D&D are shown to have a twofold effect: first to limit consolidation opportunities and force the use of trucks as buffer, and second to push containers to dwell unnecessarily at the seaports.     

Anticipating emission-sensitive traffic management strategies for dynamic delivery routing

Traffic pollution is an increasing challenge for cities. Emissions such as nitrogen dioxides pose a major health threat to the city’s inhabitants. These emissions often accumulate to critical levels in local areas of the city. To react to these critical emission levels, cities start implementing dynamic traffic management systems (TMS). These systems dynamically redirect traffic flows away from critical areas. These measures impact the travel speeds within the city. This is of particular importance for parcel delivery companies. These companies deliver goods to customers in the city. To avoid long delivery times and higher costs, companies already adapt their routing with respect to changing traffic conditions. Still, a communication with the TMS may allow anticipatory planning to avoid potentially critical areas in the city. In this paper, we show how communication between TMS and delivery companies results in benefits for both parties. To exploit the provided information, we develop a dynamic routing policy anticipating potential future measures of the TMS. We analyze our algorithm in a comprehensive case study for the TMS of the city of Braunschweig, Germany, a city often used as reference for a typical European city layout. We show that for the delivery company, integrating the TMS’ information in their routing algorithms reduces the driving times significantly. For the TMS, providing the information results in less traffic in the polluted areas.     

Vehicle scheduling under stochastic trip times: An approximate dynamic programming approach

Due to unexpected demand surge and supply disruptions, road traffic conditions could exhibit substantial uncertainty, which often makes bus travelers encounter start delays of service trips and substantially degrades the performance of an urban transit system. Meanwhile, rapid advances of information and communication technologies have presented tremendous opportunities for intelligently scheduling a bus fleet. With the full consideration of delay propagation effects, this paper is devoted to formulating the stochastic dynamic vehicle scheduling problem, which dynamically schedules an urban bus fleet to tackle the trip time stochasticity, reduce the delay and minimize the total costs of a transit system. To address the challenge of “curse of dimensionality”, we adopt an approximate dynamic programming approach (ADP) where the value function is approximated through a three-layer feed-forward neural network so that we are capable of stepping forward to make decisions and solving the Bellman’s equation through sequentially solving multiple mixed integer linear programs. Numerical examples based on the realistic operations dataset of bus lines in Beijing have demonstrated that the proposed neural-network-based ADP approach not only exhibits a good learning behavior but also significantly outperforms both myopic and static polices, especially when trip time stochasticity is high.     

A stochastic optimization model for transit network timetable design to mitigate the randomness of traveling time by adding slack time

Transit network timetabling aims at determining the departure time of each trip of all lines in order to facilitate passengers transferring either to or from a bus. In this paper, we consider a bus timetabling problem with stochastic travel times (BTP-STT). Slack time is added into timetable to mitigate the randomness in bus travel times. We then develop a stochastic integer programming model for the BTP-STT to minimize the total waiting time cost for three types of passengers (i.e., transferring passengers, boarding passengers and through passengers). The mathematical properties of the model are characterized. Due to its computational complexity, a genetic algorithm with local search (GALS) is designed to solve our proposed model (OPM). The numerical results based on a small bus network show that the timetable obtained from OPM reduces the total waiting time cost by an average of 9.5%, when it is tested in different scenarios. OPM is relatively effective if the ratio of the number of through passengers to the number of transferring passengers is not larger than a threshold (e.g., 10 in our case). In addition, we test different scale instances randomly generated in a practical setting to further verify the effectiveness of OPM and GALS. We also find that adding slack time into timetable greatly benefits transferring passengers by reducing the rate of transferring failure.     

论中国共产党先进性的时代性特质

中国共产党的先进性不是与身俱来的,它是在时代的具体进程中显现出来的。每一个时代都有特定的条件、矛盾、任务,中国共产党只有根据时代的实际状况,把握时代的主题,应对时代的挑战,完成时代交付的任务,才能够保持党的先进性。因此,研究中国共产党的先进性与时代性的关系,丰富党的时代性内涵,是保持中国共产党先进性的永恒的课题。     

关于减少公交出行换乘次数的研究

本文对公交出行单元的划分、公交出行单元的联接和公交出行换乘次数小于等于1的充分条件等公交线网设计的基础问题进行了比较系统的讨论,并以棋盘型道路和放射型道路为例,说明了上述充分条件的应用,对当前公交线网改造及后续深化研究具有较好的参考作用。     

中海工业面对后危机时代的修船转型升级

文章根据竞争学和战略管理理论,结合中海工业的实际,分析了金融危机对修船业的宏观影响,解剖了企业微观存在的一些结构性问题,阐明了修船企业应对危机必须在转型升级中解题和破题的观点。