Strategies to achieve deep reductions in metropolitan transportation GHG emissions: the case of Philadelphia

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates strategies that could achieve an 80% reduction in transportation emissions from current levels by 2050 in the City of Philadelphia. The baseline daily lifecycle emissions generated by road transportation in the Greater Philadelphia Region in 2012 were quantified using trip information from the 2012 Household Travel Survey (HTS). Emissions were projected to the year 2050 accounting for population growth and trends in vehicle technology for both the Greater Philadelphia Region and the City of Philadelphia. The impacts of vehicle technology and shifts in travel modes on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2050 were quantified using a scenario approach. The analysis of 12 different scenarios suggests that 80% reduction in emissions is technically feasible through a combination of active transportation, cleaner fuels for public transit vehicles, and a significant market penetration of battery-electric vehicles. The additional electricity demand associated with greater use of electric vehicles could amount to 10.8 TWh/year. The use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) shows promising results due to high reductions in GHG emissions at a potentially manageable cost.     

Findings from subjective evaluations and driver ratings of vehicle dynamics: steering and handling

This paper investigates subjective assessments (SA) of vehicle handling and steering feel tests, both numerical and verbal, to understand drivers’ use of judgement scales, rating tendencies and spread. Two different test methods are compared: a short multi-vehicle first-impression test with predefined-driving vs the standard extensive single-vehicle free-driving tests, both offering very similar results but with the former saving substantial testing time. Rating repeatability is evaluated by means of a blind test. Key SA questions are identified by numerical subjective assessment autocorrelations and by generating word clouds from the most used terms in verbal assessments, with both methods leading to similar key parameters. The results exposed in this paper enable better understanding of SA, allowing improving the overall subjective testing and evaluation process, and improving the data collection and analysis process needed before identifying correlations between SA and objective metrics.     

综合勘察与超前地质预报技术在兰渝铁路长寿山隧道中的应用研究

长寿山隧道为特长隧道,其工程规模大,埋深大,需勘察范围广,地形地质条件十分复杂,为了详细查清隧道的工程地质与水文地质条件,并及时对地质勘察资料进行补充和完善,指导并保证隧道施工的安全顺利进行,通过在勘察阶段采用遥感、大面积地质调绘、物探、钻探、综合试验、测试相结合的地质综合勘察技术,在施工阶段,采用地质编录、TSP、地质雷达、红外探测、超前水平钻探等相结合的综合地质超前预报技术,提高勘察效率及质量,补充地质资料、指导及保证安全施工,取得很好的效果。实践证明,山区长大、深埋、地形地质复杂隧道,在勘察及施工阶段分别采用综合勘察与地质超前预报技术,其方法是必要、合理、恰当的。     

杭州市交通状况及车联网市场前景的调研与分析

作为物联网在交通领域的应用,车联网可有效缓解当前的城市交通问题.为更好地把握车联网的市场前景,2012年底在杭州市开展了一次大规模随机抽样调查活动,在汽车4S店、二手车市场、高校、政府机关和企业内随机发放问卷共800份.根据对问卷结果的统计分析,绝大部分驾驶员对杭城交通状况十分不满意,造成交通问题的主因是车辆增长过快,大多数驾驶员对车联网应用及相关产品十分感兴趣,并愿意为之支付一定费用.由此可以推断车联网市场前景非常广阔.     

解析法预计平面贯通测量误差应用

在交通工程的隧道和矿山井下建设中，由于预计贯通平面测量误差的传统图解法存在缺陷，提出用误差椭圆和坐标变换2种解析法来预计贯通测量平面误差，并通过实例证明，这2种新方法过程简单，不仅可以提高平面贯通测量的精度，还可以节省时间，提高工作效率。     

高明大桥扩建工程主桥上部结构施工监控

高明大桥扩建工程主桥为13跨1联的预应力混凝土刚构-连续体系,确保施工中结构的安全和结构形成以后的线形与内力状态符合设计所期望的合理目标值,是分段悬臂浇筑施工的重要内容。文章介绍了该桥施工监控的内容、方法,监控的措施、监控中一些问题的处理及监控结果。     

Adapting interactive stated response techniques to a self-completion survey

We report here on how we adapted Interactive Stated Response Methods to use in a self-completion survey of 454 California households to measure the market for electric vehicles in California. Electric vehicles are a novel product and have many features unfamiliar to consumers, in particular their home recharging capability and limited range. Reflexive techniques were designed to draw households into a deeper exploration of the lifestyle implications of electric vehicles than can be done in more typical self-completion surveys, and to stimulate key decision processes previously observed in detailed gaming interviews with 51 households. Reflexive self-completion techniques provide a middle course between typical large sample quantitative surveys and small sample, detailed gaming interviews. One of the benefits of the more intensive techniques was that participants reported finding the surveys interesting and return rates were high for a self-completion approach – over sixty percent. We review previous transportation and sociological methods which inspired our design, describe the design goals and features of our research, and summarize research results pertinent to testing the validity of our approach.     

The quality of survey data: Telephone versus face-to-face interviews

Those designing surveys and producing data have always been concerned about its quality. The increasing stringency of the financial constraints which affect public authorities and the increased scope of involvement in the regulation of urban travel has led us to pay even greater attention to the quality of data. This issue is frequently covered in the literature on survey methods. However, comparisons between different survey methods are more rarely conducted. The decision to conduct such an analysis is partly the result of the development of telephone use to the detriment of other survey modes in many countries and also the development of Computer-Aided Telephone Interviewing (CATI) which facilitates the running and monitoring of the survey.This paper examines several aspects of this question in order to compare the performance of telephone and face-to-face interviews. The first aspect is the representativeness of the sample, and therefore relates mainly to the issue of nonresponses and the choice of a sample base. The second concerns the accuracy of the information and involves the choice of a survey area and the recording of all trips, including short-distance travel. Finally, the quality of data is obviously determined by the quality of the responses given by those interviewed.The answers we give frequently depend on the objective of the surveys, which leads us to put forward a table which summarizes the performance of telephone and face-to-face interviews on the basis of the main objective of the survey. Broadly, the telephone seems to be the favoured tool for surveys in the area of transport planning and surveys which aim to provide data for forecasting models, mostly on the grounds of cost. However, face-to-face techniques are often preferred for surveys which aim to discover and analyze the factors which explain individual travel behaviour.     

SOLAS公约对船舶机器处所燃油套管及渗漏报警装置的检验要求

在国际海上人命安全公约(SOLAS)1994年修正案和2000年修正案的基础上,论述不同年代建造的国际航行远洋船舶SOLAS公约适用条款和船用柴油机高压燃油管路具体防火要求,以及船用柴油机高压燃油套管组件和燃油渗漏报警装置的具体检验要求。     

暗挖双连拱隧道穿越浅基础高层楼群区施工技术

北京城市铁路东直门区间采用双连拱隧道结构形式 ,在富水松散地层中从两栋浅基础高层居民楼中间采用浅埋暗挖法通过 ,施工难度极大。本文主要阐述针对该段复杂的施工边界及约束条件 ,在处理地层与结构、隧道施工与既有建筑物相互作用 ,所采用的技术方法和特殊条件下的高层建筑防护技术 ,以及监测在施工中的应用 ,以期为今后类似工程的施工提供参考和借鉴。