赤峰市元宝山区中心城区环境空气质量现状及污染防治对策

通过赤峰市某城区的空气质量的长期检测,分析了近几年大气中主要污染物浓度的变化分析,阐明形成污染的原因,提出污染防治对策。     

Simulating the air quality impacts of traffic calming schemes in a dense urban neighborhood

In this study, the effects of isolated traffic calming measures and area-wide calming schemes on air quality in a dense neighborhood were estimated using a combination of microscopic traffic simulation, emission, and dispersion modeling. Results indicated that traffic calming measures did not have as large an effect on nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations as the effect observed on nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions. Changes in emissions resulted in highly disproportional changes in pollutant levels due to daily meteorological conditions, road geometry and orientation with respect to the wind. Average NO₂ levels increased between 0.1% and 10% with respect to the base-case while changes in NO_x emissions varied between 5% and 160%. Moreover, higher wind speeds decreased NO₂ concentrations on both sides of the roadway. Among the traffic calming measures, speed bumps produced the highest increases in NO₂ levels.     

A novel approach for the modelling of air quality dynamics in underground railway stations

Indoor air quality in subterranean train stations is a concern in many places around the globe. However, due to the specificity of each case, numerous parameters of the problem remain unknown, such as the braking discs particle emission rate, the ventilation rate of the station or the complete particle size distribution of the emitted particles. In this study the problem of modelling PM₁₀ concentration evolution in relation with train traffic is hence addressed with a particle-mass conservation model which parameters are fitted using a genetic algorithm. The parameters of the model allow to reproduce the dynamics and amplitude of four field data sets from the French and Swedish underground contexts and comply with realistic bounds in terms of emissions, deposition and ventilation rate.     

汽车节能的因素与措施分析

随着汽车保有量的增加,我国面临更加严重的能源和环境问题,这些已成为制约我国汽车工业可持续发展的重要因素,人们越来越重视汽车的节能。本文主要从“人,车,路”三方面来分析影响汽车节能的因素,并且根据这些因素,从车的结构方面以及油品和驾驶人等方面提出了一些节能的措施,希望能够起到积极作用。     

The best of times and the worst of times: A new best–worst measure of attitudes toward public transport experiences

Attitudes play an important role in determining individual transit behaviour and the measurement of attitudes is relied on by public transit authorities’ world over. Given their role in behaviour and policy making, the accurate measurement of attitudes is of critical importance. Traditional satisfaction scales are prone to bias and on their own they are only a partial measure of attitudes. Given that satisfaction scales have been used to assist with large scale transport infrastructure investment decisions, to aid policy makers examining reactions to alternative policy changes and reform, and to measure the success of new initiatives, deriving robust satisfaction scales should be of critical importance. This paper introduces a dual version of best–worst scaling as an alternative measure of satisfaction. Best–worst scaling is free of the biases inherent in traditional response scales and is ideal for handling the comparative evaluation of large amount of attributes, particularly those which are inherently qualitative. The paper makes a further innovative contribution by proposing a model structure for the joint estimation of satisfaction and importance. Our model shows a better delineation between the attributes used to measure attitudes towards bus use and a more detailed understanding of the relationship between importance and satisfaction; enabling transport operators to better understand what counts most and assess their performance.     

Including congestion effects in urban road traffic CO2 emissions modelling: Do Local Government Authorities have the right options?

Tailpipe emissions from vehicles on urban road networks have damaging impacts, with the problem exacerbated by the common occurrence of congestion. This article focuses on carbon dioxide because it is the largest constituent of road traffic greenhouse gas emissions. Local Government Authorities (LGAs) are typically responsible for facilitating mitigation of these emissions, and critical to this task is the ability to assess the impact of transport interventions on road traffic emissions for a whole network.This article presents a contemporary review of literature concerning road traffic data and its use by LGAs in emissions models (EMs). Emphasis on the practicalities of using data readily available to LGAs to estimate network level emissions and inform effective policy is a relatively new research area, and this article summarises achievements so far. Results of the literature review indicate that readily available data are aggregated at traffic level rather than disaggregated at individual vehicle level. Hence, a hypothesis is put forward that optimal EM complexity is one using traffic variables as inputs, allowing LGAs to capture the influence of congestion whilst avoiding the complexity of detailed EMs that estimate emissions at vehicle level.Existing methodologies for estimating network emissions based on traffic variables typically have limitations. Conclusions are that LGAs do not necessarily have the right options, and that more research in this domain is required, both to quantify accuracy and to further develop EMs that explicitly include congestion, whilst remaining within LGA resource constraints.     

丰田＂召回事件＂对汽车零部件企业的警示

丰田“召回事件”向国内汽车零部件企业敲响了警钟。国内汽车零部件企业应当从丰田“召回事件”中吸取教训。要做大应先做强,打牢做大的基础;要正确处理好速度与质量的关系,任何时候都必须坚持“质量就是生命”的信念和追求;为消费者和社会提供优质的产品,既是企业应尽的义务,也是企业应该担负的社会责任,更是企业可持续发展,在市场竞争中“永葆青春”的法宝;在“走出去”的过程中,要加强“风险防范”,千万不能低估了跨国经营的法规制度的风险防范。     

数字编码制式无绝缘轨道电路调谐单元探析

介绍了数字编码制式的音频无绝缘轨道电路轨旁调谐单元的结构及组成,对其进行了频率特性的测试研究。数字编码制式的音频无绝缘轨道电路轨旁调谐单元具有良好的选频特性。     

统计过程控制技术在机车配件质量控制中的应用

介绍了统计过程控制(SPC)技术原理,并探讨应用SPC技术对机车配件质量稳定性和过程能力进行分析,达到降低机车配件入厂检验的风险和对供货商进行有效评价和控制的目的。     

服务资源动态分布的质量路由算法

从动态考察资源可能性分布的角度对质量路由算法进行改进,使之与用户需求与资源变化的不确定性相适应,以提高质量路由决策的效率与水平。仿真试验表明,新算法具有稳定服务水平、平衡网络负载的优点。