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Much Ado about Nothing? - An analysis of economic impacts and ecologic effects of the EU-emission trading scheme in the aviation industry 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jan Vespermann Andreas Wald 《Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice》2011,45(10):1066-1076
From 2012 on, all CO2 emissions from flights departing from or arriving at airports within the European Union have to be offset. We analyze the economic and ecological impacts that are caused by an inclusion of the aviation industry into the proposed emissions trading scheme (ETS). Building on the now fixed system design we employ a simulation model to estimate the impacts of the scheme. Our results indicate that financial impacts are highly dependant on external settings, such as allowance prices and demand growth. We show that the financial burden on the aviation industry will be rather modest in the first years after the introduction of the system and therefore induce only low competition distortions. Likewise, emission reductions within air transportation will be comparably low. While aviation will induce a decline of emissions in other sectors, significant absolute reductions within air transportation can only be reached by a more restrictive system design. 相似文献
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介绍了重庆嘉悦大桥的主梁结构特点,以及该桥的主梁节段空间应力仿真分析结果,并介绍了为验证计算结果所做的主梁一节段1∶3缩尺模型试验的研究情况。从理论和实践上探讨了PC主梁部分斜拉桥采用特殊索梁锚固结构的可行性,以及锚固结构在超大索力作用下的安全性,得到了一些对设计、施工有益的结论和建议。 相似文献
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Jeom Kee Paik Jae Myung Lee Young II Park Joon Sung Hwang Chang Wook Kim 《Marine Structures》2003,16(8):567-600
Many bulk carrier losses have been reported of late, and one of the possible causes of such casualties is thought to be the structural failure of aging hulls in rough weather. In aging ships, corrosion and fatigue cracks are the two most important factors affecting structural safety and integrity. This paper uses a set of the time-dependent corrosion wastage models for 23 different member locations/categories of bulk carriers previously developed by the authors, based on the available corrosion measurements for existing large bulk carrier structures. Differences due to the location and corrosion severity of every member type are taken into account. The nominal design corrosion values for the primary members are suggested based on the annualized corrosion rates obtained in the present study. The effect of time-variant corrosion wastage on the ultimate hull girder strength as well as the section moduli is studied. The criteria for repair and maintenance of heavily corroded structural members so as to keep the ultimate longitudinal strength at an acceptable level are discussed. Important insights and conclusions developed are summarized. 相似文献
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基于土体的颗粒结构和只有颗粒接触传递应力的特性,对不同姿态颗粒接触中应力传递的机理分析,揭示了土体在相对静态下存在主动力的应力扩散效应和强被动力的应力集中效应,及其形成的土体中应力分布基本规律。主动力的应力场是以其所在土层的应力扩散角θ向外扩散的园锥形应力范围,在应力场内应力扩散分布,主应力方向不变,且伴有与之垂直的法向应力,应力分布均衡了应力场内颗粒和支承面的位移趋势。强被动力的支承面上存在以θ角向外扩散倒锥台形的应力平衡范围,在此范围内反向应力集中作用到强支承面,强支承面主导了其所在应力场的应力分布。土拱效应是应力集中效应的衍生效应,是相邻的同向强支承反力的应力平衡范围发生重迭时产生的现象。 相似文献
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Diagnosisofcervicalradiculopathygenerallyusesc0mputedtomography(CT),myelogram,magneticresonanceimaging(MRI)andelectromy0gram(EMG)examinati0n.However,c0nduc-tionvelocity0fperipheralnerveinEMGexaminationisusuallyn0rm0lt1i;denerva-rioninparaspinalortheappropriateupper.imbmusclesisastrongevidencefordiag-iosisofcervicalradiculopathy,butasre-ienerationoccursquiteearly,ab0ut5O%>fthepatientshaveals0normalEMG;tudies[2'33.Asconducti0nsl0w0rblockviaybetheonlyabnormalexpressi0ndur-.ngnerveimpairment… 相似文献
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机车轮对温差法装配过程三维弹塑性模拟 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
用有限元方法对机车轮对温差法装配过程进行了三维弹塑性模拟,分析了车轮与车轴中的等效应力和接触应力的分布以及轮对的塑性变形,探讨了轮毂配合间的边缘应力集中问题,对轮对过盈配合的设计具有一定的指导意义. 相似文献
50.
Production of the marine calanoid copepod Acartia omorii was measured from 2 October 1991 to 8 October 1992 at a station in Ilkwang Bay on the southeastern coast of Korea. A. omorii (nauplii + copepodites + adults) were present in the plankton throughout the year, with seasonal variation in abundance. Biomass of A. omorii was averaged at 0.44 mgC m− 3, with peaks in February and July, and relatively low biomass in late summer and fall. Egg production rate ranged from 2.4 to 151.9 μgC m− 3 day− 1, which was equivalent to 95–6075 eggs m− 3 day− 1. Fecundity of an adult female was averaged at 38 eggs female− 1 day− 1. Instantaneous growth rates of copepodites were higher than those of nauplii stages. Annual production of A. omorii ranged from 33.5 mgC m− 3 year− 1 to 221 mgC m− 2 year− 1, showing a seasonal variation of daily production rate with peaks in February and July. The daily production rate of A. omorii was significantly correlated with chlorophyll a concentration. These results suggest that standing stocks and/or productivity of phytoplankton are the major influencing factors, rather than water temperature for the seasonal variation of production of A. omorii in Ilkwang Bay. 相似文献