面向规划的城市公交运营规模指标体系探析

从公交可持续发展的角度,对众多公交运营技术指标进行梳理,筛选出与规划直接相关的能够体现公交运营规模的关键指标,建立面向规划的公交运营规模指标体系,并运用层次分析法对指标体系的各关键指标进行定量评价,计算出各指标的相应权重,为城市公交规划及其行动计划的制定提供抉择依据。     

Free public transport: A socio-cognitive analysis

In this study, the modal shift potential of introducing a free alternative (free public transportation) and of changing the relative prices of transportation is examined. The influence of a cognitive analysis on the zero-price effect is also analyzed. The data used for the analysis stem from a stated preference survey with a sample of approximately 670 respondents that was conducted in Flanders, Belgium. The data are analyzed using a mixed logit model. The modeling results yield findings that confirm the existence of a zero-price effect in transport, which is in line with the literature. This zero-price effect is increased by the forced cognitive analysis for shopping trips, although not for work/school or recreational trips. The results also demonstrate the importance of the current mode choice in hypothetical mode choices and the importance of car availability. The influence of changing relative prices on the modal shift is found to be insignificant. This might be partially because the price differences were too small to matter. Hence, an increase in public transport use can be facilitated by the introduction of free public transport, particularly when individuals evaluate the different alternatives in a more cognitive manner. These findings should be useful to policy makers evaluating free public transport and considering how best to target and promote relevant policy.     

Exploring public transport sustainability with neutrosophic logic

Sustainable transportation is a significant component of overall sustainable development. Increasingly, evaluation and decision-making with respect to major complex projects (for example, transportation and land use projects), a multiple attribute perspective is taken. This paper illustrates a multiple attribute decision-making approach for selecting sustainable public transportation systems under uncertainty, that is, with partial or incomplete information represented by single-valued neutrosophic sets (SVNSs). A SVNS is a generalization of a classical set, a fuzzy set, and an intuitionistic fuzzy set. Here, SVNSs and SVNS connectives are illustrated in the context of a ‘Public Transit Sustainable Mobility Analysis Tool’ (PTSMAT) which involves a composite (multiple attribute) sustainability index. A case study of PTSMAT is provided for the UBC Corridor study in Vancouver, Canada. As expected, similar results are obtained to the original study, though the neutrosophic formalism opens a wide range of possibilities for recognition of uncertainty in sustainability assessment.     

Effects of new bus and rail rapid transit systems – an international review

Cities worldwide are implementing modern transit systems to improve mobility in the increasingly congested metropolitan areas. Despite much research on the effects of such systems, a comparison of effects across transit modes and countries has not been studied comprehensively. This paper fills this gap in the literature by reviewing and comparing the effects obtained by 86 transit systems around the world, including Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), Light Rail Transit (LRT), metro and heavy rail transit systems. The analysis is twofold by analysing (i) the direct operational effects related to travel time, ridership and modal shifts, and (ii) the indirect strategic effects in terms of effects on property values and urban development. The review confirms the existing literature suggesting that BRT can attract many passengers if travel time reductions are significantly high. This leads to attractive areas surrounding the transit line with increasing property values. Such effects are traditionally associated with attractive rail-based public transport systems. However, a statistical comparison of 41 systems did not show significant deviations between effects on property values resulting from BRT, LRT and metro systems, respectively. Hence, this paper indicates that large strategic effects can be obtained by implementing BRT systems at a much lower cost.     

Marine Shoreline Management—A 35-Year Evaluation of Outcomes in San Juan County,Washington, US

In 1976, Washington became the first state to implement the federal Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) primarily through the 1971 WA Shoreline Management Act (SMA). However, there has been little effort in Washington to evaluate outcomes of shoreline protection programs post SMA. In 2006–2008, we characterized shoreline conditions in San Juan County over three time periods spanning pre and post SMA and engaged community members to improve effectiveness of shoreline protection. We found modest improvements in forest retention on marine shorelines between pre and post 1977, but few other improvements through time. While we could not measure shoreline construction rates, construction practices for shore armor and overwater structures (docks) have changed very little, despite the increased regulatory standards. The vast majority of shore armor constructed post SMA occurred without mandatory county or state permits likely due to: widespread perception that permits were unnecessary and that permit standards were arbitrary and inconsistently applied; poor understanding of shoreline ecology by community members; lack of county or state enforcement authority and shoreline monitoring programs; and poor permit tracking systems.     

基于群体公平差异的公交网络双层优化模型

为准确刻画公交网络优化对不同居民群体的公平性影响,建立了考虑不同群体的人均道路占有面积、出行成本差异等因素的公交网络双层优化模型。上层模型以出行成本剥夺系数与道路面积基尼系数最小化为目标,用于求解考虑交通公平约束的公交网络优化方案;下层模型为多模式多用户随机均衡交通分配模型,用于描述上层给出的公交优化方案中不同群体对于不同交通方式的复杂选择行为。采用非劣排序遗传算法-Ⅱ求解模型,并以一个简单网络进行算例分析。结果表明：公交网络优化前,小汽车、公交车与自行车的出行分担率分别为42%,47%,11%;优化后,各出行方式的分担率分别为7%,82%,11%,部分拥有小汽车的高、中收入用户改用公交出行,3类群体的出行成本剥夺系数下降了20.68%,道路面积基尼系数下降了87.76%,低收入群体的交通公平感受与客观资源分配均显著改善。研究结果可为公交网络优化提供理论依据与模型基础,是改善交通规划方案公平性的全新尝试。     

分布式处理技术下公交信息感知挖掘系统设计

采取集中式处理技术对大规模公交信息进行处理时,传输与运算耗时长,不利于实现公交信息实时发布的需求。相比之下,公交车载智能终端可以针对单车信息进行独立感知与挖掘。由此构建基于分布式处理技术的公交信息感知与挖掘系统框架,包括公交车载智能终端、公交信息服务平台、公交调度中心三大模块。进而明确系统实施流程,并探讨公交信息挖掘软件的信息映射模型。由于分布式处理技术下的公交车载智能终端与调度中心可联网共享及交互信息,因此该系统除了实现公众信息实时发布之外,还能为交通部门的公交优先管制技术提供基础数据支撑。     

新型城镇化与交通发展

城镇化是21世纪中国发展的重大趋势。首先指出中国城镇化呈现规模巨大、高速增长的态势,同时面临城市管理者赶超心理、公共服务发展滞后的挑战。探讨中国行政管理体制下城市发展模式导致的城市面积迅速扩大、城市成本增加、引发地方发展隐性债务危机等问题。重点从交通与区域发展、交通与服务业发展、交通与城市成本、交通与房地产、交通资源配置与市场、交通配置标准与城市发展、交通港站与城市发展七方面论述新型城镇化与交通发展的关系。     

基于改进TOPSIS法的城市公交发展水平评价方法

从公共交通的运营能力、服务能力及发展能力等3方面建立了评价指标体系,运用结构熵权法,确定了各个指标的权重。将评价指标分成成本型指标、效益型指标及区间型指标,对TOPSIS法进行了改进,并建立了城市公共交通发展水平的评价模型。进行了实例分析,分别选取两个城市,进行了公共交通发展水平的评价。分析结果表明：该评价方法合理可行。     

行人步行设施紧急疏散出口设置方法

从行人疏散过程和紧急疏散出口通过能力的角度,分析行人步行设施紧急疏散出口设置的影响因素,并提出紧急疏散出口设置方法．研究发现,在总宽度一定的情况下,紧急疏散出口的个数越多,其相应的总通过能力越低．基于步行设施内疏散行人的数量、初始位置,紧急疏散出口的行人通过能力,多紧急疏散出口的行人选择策略,以及紧急疏散出口的设置指标,构建了行人步行设施紧急疏散出口设置的优化模型;并提出其简化的求解算法,实现紧急疏散出口个数、位置和宽度的优化设置．结合算例,从紧急疏散出口布局优化的角度,提出北京市西直门换乘枢纽紧急疏散出口布局的改进措施．