城市公共交通优先发展制度设计

公共交通优先是国家战略,制度设计是推进战略实施的关键环节。在规划建设上,落实土地–公交协调发展基本理念,加强城乡规划统筹,完善城市交通规划编制,建立多层次、多专业、跨部门的土地–公交协调规划建设机制;在运营管理上,以政府调控监管、适应市场机制为基本运作方式,将公共交通服务作为一项社会公共服务纳入基本保障范畴,并通过市场机制运作来实现,形成规划、建设、资金、运营、管理、立法等全方位的制度设计。     

城市公共交通优先发展立法体系国际经验

视角局限于行业层面、关注集中于单一的《城市公共交通条例》制定,是中国城市公共交通优先发展立法保障亟须解决的主要问题。分别在国家层面和城市层面选取典型案例剖析公共交通立法战略出发点、立法框架体系以及具体立法要点,为制定和完善中国城市公共交通优先发展立法体系提供借鉴。指出国家层面的立法不仅要涵盖与公共交通发展紧密相关的战略、财政、规划、运营等方面,还应与节能减排、环境保护、社会保障等领域的法律相关联;城市层面的规划与运营法规作为实施依托和补充,应强调城市差异性和可实施性。强调应构建国家、城市相互补充的多层立法体系,全方位保障中国城市公共交通优先发展战略的落实。     

自行车与公共交通换乘停车设施的选址

自行车与公共交通的衔接换乘,关键是在公共交通站点合理的规划自行车停车设施,方便换乘。通过分析两种自行车停车设施的特点,对西安市轨道交通站点的自行车停车设施现状进行调查,应用TOPSIS法进行换乘停车设施的选址,最后以南稍门站为例进行停车设施的选址分析,为“自行车＋公共交通”的换乘提供一定的理论和实践支持。     

政府对城市公共交通企业的补贴研究

城市公交特有的公益性必然会使公交企业产生一定亏损：为此,国家及地方政府给予了相应补贴,但补贴方式和补贴额度历来是困扰地方政府的一大难题。为解决这一难题,本文在现有研究的基础上,分析了城市公交亏损的原因,提出了政府的补贴不仅要考虑政策性亏损,还应考虑企业的合理利润、企业绩效、企业的专项补贴、已发放或隐形补贴等因素。并给出了各要素的具体核算方法。本文的研究对政府实施具体的补贴有一定的借鉴作用．     

Hybrid urban transport systems in developing countries: Portents and prospects

Some South African cities have initiated public transport transformation projects which, in most cases, ultimately envisage the in toto replacement of paratransit operations with formalised BRT systems. There are two likely outcomes: (1) complex negotiations with existing operators and budget constraints will result in the in toto transformation occurring over an extended period of time; or (2) in toto transformation will simply not occur. In either case, cities will depend, for decades, on a ‘hybrid’ public transport system that combines both formal and paratransit operators. This paper presents a case for policy recognition of hybrid systems, and explores how such systems might best be managed. The following categories of hybrid public transport systems are explored through case studies: (1) transformative processes in which paratransit operators are to form or assimilate into companies to operate new services, but this incorporation has proved difficult to complete and the operational and regulatory frameworks remain unchanged; and (2) transformative processes that, from the outset, anticipated a hybrid system and designed the outcome accordingly. A third category of hybrid transport systems, defined as transformative processes that have been amended following a realisation that in toto transformation is unattainable, is also introduced and discussed. The paper concludes by tentatively drawing lessons for appropriate public transport regulation, particularly with respect to Cape Town's transformation project. It is argued that a review of the current national regulatory framework is required to enable possible project modifications that acknowledge system hybridity. It is suggested that regulatory frameworks that accommodate the likely hybrid nature of public transport system outcomes have greater prospects of success than frameworks that do not. Furthermore, it is argued that contextually appropriate and successful public transport transformation projects do not necessarily require the in toto substitution of incumbent paratransit operators, and that they can be integrated with, and complement, formal services.     

新燃油舱保护规则对大型公务船设计的影响

为防范海上船舶溢油事故,研究并提出确定性与概率性相结合的燃油舱保护设计方法。以某大型巡航救助船为例,分别介绍确定性设计和概率性设计方法的要点,确定性设计方法主要采用双底双壳设计,概率性设计方法则主要是以平均泄油量参数为基础进行评估,并重点阐述对燃油污染防护程度进行评估的方法。研究表明,采用此设计方法可以满足规范的要求。     

A Review of Pseudo Panel Data Approach in Estimating Short-run and Long-run Public Transport Demand Elasticities

Abstract

The distinctions between short-run and long-run public transport demand elasticities have been highlighted in the literature, but the identification of long-run travel demand has been constrained by existing research methodology and the unavailability of longitudinal travel survey data. The pseudo panel data approach using repeated cross-sectional data has been suggested as an alternative to conducting a longitudinal travel demand analysis when genuine panel data are not available. This paper comprehensively reviews the background and the current practices of pseudo panel data research, and introduces the challenges in applied research that need further investigation, particularly for public transport. A case study using the Sydney Household Travel Survey data is presented to demonstrate pseudo panel data construction and to identify the short-run and long-run public transport demand elasticities using a pseudo panel data approach. The research findings suggest that the public transport demand elasticity of price in Sydney is ?0.22 in the short run and ?0.29 in the long run.     

Optimization Of Headway,Vehicle Size and Route Choice for Minimum Cost Feeder Service

ABSTRACT

Many people use public transportation systems to reach their destination, while others use personal vehicles. Poor transportation systems do not attract ridership. Therefore, the usage of passenger cars increases, and traffic and environmental conditions deteriorate. Efficient public transportation has been recognized as one of the potential ways of mitigating air pollution, reducing energy consumption, improving mobility and alleviating traffic congestion. The objective of this study is to optimize a bus feeder service that provides the shuttle service between a recreation center (e.g. Sandy Hook, NJ) and a major public transportation facility, subject to site-specific constraints such as vehicle schedules, bus availability, service capacity and budget. The decision variables include bus headway, vehicle size and route choice. The solution methodology integrating both analytical and numerical techniques is developed, which optimizes the decision variables. Finally, the proposed solution methodology is applied to a case study. Numerical results, including optimal solutions and sensitivity analyses, are presented while the level of coordination between the feeder service and a major transportation service is discussed.     

Social Media Use during Unplanned Transit Network Disruptions: A Review of Literature

Abstract

This paper explores social media's role in managing unplanned transit networks disruptions. Although literature exists more broadly on the use of social media in transit, this paper presents the first literature review in this setting. When disruptions occur, commuters require reliable, up-to-date information. Its provision reduces anxiety and allows informed choices. Social media is beneficial given it provides real-time information but it can only supplement (not replace) conventional approaches. Information reliability was critical. Research in the field of disaster management illustrates the importance of publicly contributed information. Known as “crowdsourcing”, it is part of the emerging field of crisis informatics which for the first time was linked to unplanned transit disruption management. The results highlight that social media's real-time nature can reduce disrupted travel demand; however, its utilisation can be resource-intensive. A framework presented illustrates how social media utilisation varies according to the operational characteristics of a disrupted network. Social media use as an information delivery tool is still in its infancy and an unwillingness to embrace it is an impediment to sustained growth. Crowdsourcing is one approach that could resolve the issue of transit agency resourcing whilst satisfying the increased demand and expectation for real-time information.     

Why do people fare evade? A global shift in fare evasion research

ABSTRACT

Fare evasion is a significant concern for most transit authorities. The traditional approach to fare compliance has focussed on modifying the physical control of ticketing or ticket inspection rates. Yet recently the perspective on fare evasion has begun to shift toward profiling the fare evader or understanding the customer motivations to fare evade. This paper uses a literature review method to document the characteristics of these three perspectives on fare evasion: the conventional transit system perspective, the customer profiling perspective and the customer motivations perspective. We find that the conventional transit system perspective, although straightforward to measure and control, has its limits particularly in “open” transit systems. The customer profiling perspective attempts to identify, based on demographics, which customers are more likely to fare evade. However this perspective has little use beyond profiling and is ethically questionable. The customer motivations perspective provides a richer understanding of how customers define fare evasion and what attitudes, social norms and circumstances motivates them to fare evade. Considering that between 20% and 40% of a city’s residents admit to fare evading at some point, understanding these complex motivations can help improve revenue compliance at a time when most governments heavily subsidise their transit systems.