大连市常规公交规划思路探讨

城市常规公交系统建设是贯彻公交优先、促进高质量发展的关键.本文从分析大连市常规公交发展现状和面临问题入手,结合城市交通发展趋势,提出常规公交发展目标,在此基础上探讨了新时期常规公交规划要从公交网络、规划目标、服务模式、技术方法等四方面转变思路,强化两网融合和以人为本的思想,增强常规公交的吸引力,促进城市高质量发展.     

Decomposition analysis of decoupling freight transport from economic growth in China

Freight transport industry plays a significant role in boosting economic growth, while also creating many negative externalities for social welfare and the environment. Using data from 1997 to 2017, this study employs the complete decomposition technique to identify the driving forces of freight transport and explores its internal relations with economic growth in China. The decomposition analysis focuses on four factors that are responsible for freight transport: economic activity, industrial structure, transport intensity, and haulage distance. Then, the decoupling index is adopted to examine the decoupling relationship between freight transport and economic growth in China. The results showed that weak decoupling between freight transport and economic growth was the main state during the study period. A strong decoupling effect was identified in 1997–1998, 2012–2013, and 2014–2015, whereas no decoupling effect was observed in 1998–1999, 2008–2009, and 2011–2012. The transport intensity was the most important contributor to the decoupling progress, the industrial structure effect played a role in promoting the decoupling progress over half of the years during the research period, and the haulage distance effect facilitated the decoupling progress in more than one-third of the years examined.     

Forecasting the impacts of climate change on inland waterways

Inland waterways are vulnerable to climate change as river navigation depends on water levels. Droughts can severely disrupt inland navigation services by reducing water levels either to completely non-navigable ones or to levels that oblige operators to reduce vessel load. We analyse the impacts of droughts induced by climate change using projections of river discharge data provided by eleven different climate model runs. We consider location specific characteristics by focusing the analysis on four specific locations of the Rhine and the Danube where a substantial part of the total freight activity in the European Union (EU) takes place. For the majority of the cases and scenarios considered, a decrease of the number of low water level days is projected, leading to fewer drought related disruptions in the operation of the inland waterway transport system. Although the uncertainties from the climate projections should not be neglected, the navigation sector could benefit from global warming which means that European inland waterways might be one of the few sectors where climate change can have negligible, or even positive, impact. The average economic benefit, for the cases considered, from the decrease of low water levels by the end of the century is projected to be almost €8million annually.     

基于公交IC卡信息的城市公交满载率指标计算方法

为减少传统城市公交满载率指标测算过程的人力投入并提高指标计算结果的准确性，利用公交IC卡刷卡信息、公交GPS信息、公交站点信息和公交车辆信息，通过各类信息衔接分析，提出了基于公交IC卡的公交满载率指标计算思路。采用MYSQL搭建分析数据库，通过编程代码自动关联识别和快速分析大数据，计算出城市公交线路的满载率指标值。通过案例分析发现，相比传统公交满载率调查方法，基于公交IC卡信息的公交满载率指标计算能找到更精确的最大客流断面、得出更精确的计算结果，并且运算过程更高效，能有效节约人力，可为同类城市测算城市公交满载率指标、分析城市公交乘客的出行特征提供参考。     

接驳轨道枢纽的混合式灵活公交服务优化研究

为解决居民在轨道与小区间的出行难题，本文提出一种新型的混合式灵活公交接驳服务模式，构建了在轨道交通枢纽的客流吸引范围内灵活与固定接驳公交的协同运行机制. 在已知灵活乘客需求和车队规模的条件下，综合兼顾出行者与运营者的时间成本，以及同步考虑轨道线路和固定接驳公交线路发车计划，建立了混合式接驳公交系统线路和乘客接运计划优化模型，并采用基于重力模型的遗传算法进行求解，最后通过实例验证该模型的有效性和实用性.结果表明，该优化模型在能够有效减小车辆行驶距离和乘客出行时间的同时，提高了混合式接驳公交系统的乘客服务量，相比于单一的灵活型接驳公交系统目标结果更优.     

Data-driven ferry network design with candidate service arcs: the case of Zhuhai Islands in China

ABSTRACT

We investigate a ferry network design problem with candidate service arcs (FNDP-SA), which is a new variant motivated by areal-world case from Zhuhai Islands. In this research, the design of a ferry schedule must conform to strict constraints including technical feasibility, safety issues, environmental impacts and moreover, avoid conflicting with ferries from neighboring cities (i.e. HongKong, Shenzhen and Macao). Therefore, a set of cautiously approved service arcs are firstly given, based on which the ferry service network is optimized. This study is among the first to formally describe the FNDP-SA and model it as an integer program. A hybrid variable neighborhood descent (VND)-based algorithm is developed. Two sets of instances are generated based on the case of Zhuhai Islands, where the first set is based on historical ticket sales data while the second set is derived by incorporating increased demands in the future according to a questionnaire survey. Numerical studies have shown that 59% cost reduction on the first set can be achieved by the proposed VND algorithm when compared with manual results. Research outcomes of this study have been adopted and implemented to facilitate the sustainable development of the ferry service of Zhuhai Islands.     

A distributed VNS algorithm for optimizing dial-a-ride problems in large-scale scenarios

These days, transportation and logistic problems in large cities are demanding smarter transportation services that provide flexibility and adaptability. A possible solution to this arising problem is to compute the best routes for each new scenario. In this problem, known in the literature as the dial-a-ride problem, a number of passengers are transported between pickup and delivery locations trying to minimize the routing costs while respecting a set of prespecified constraints. This problem has been solved in the literature with several approaches from small to medium sized problems. However, few efforts have dealt with large scale problems very common in massive scenarios (big cities or highly-populated regions). In this study, a new distributed algorithm based on the partition of the requests space and the combination of the routes is presented and tested on a set of 24 different scenarios of a large-scale problem (up to 16,000 requests or 32,000 locations) in the city of San Francisco. The results show that, not only the distributed algorithm is able to solve large problem instances that the corresponding sequential algorithm is unable to solve in a reasonable time, but also to have an average improvement of 9% in the smaller problems. The results have been validated by means of statistical procedures proving that the distributed algorithm can be an effective way to solve high dimensional dial-a-ride problems.     

Optimization of bus stop placement for routes on uneven topography

The improvement and expansion of public transport is an increasingly important solution to the high congestion costs and worsening environmental impacts of the car dominated transport systems seen in many cities today. The intelligent design of stop locations is one way to improve the quality of PT and thereby improve its ridership. Stop placement is a relatively complex task as it involves a trade-off between two competing goals; accessibility and operation; however this trade-off can be made explicit using an appropriate mathematical model. Many such models have been developed in the literature, however none consider the effects of uneven topography. Topography is an important but often neglected factor in the design of public transportation systems, with the potential to have a significant impact on the accessibility, operation and planning of a transit service. In this work a mathematical modelling approach to bus stop placement is developed which includes considerations of uneven topography in three ways; (1) Its effect on walking speed; (2) Its impact on the attractiveness of an access path to a transit service; and (3) Its effect on acceleration rates at stops. Because of the complexity of the model developed, a heuristic evolutionary algorithm’ is employed to approximate an optimal solution to the model. Finally, the model and solution method are applied to a case study in the Auckland CBD area in New Zealand.     

湛茂阳城市带县域综合交通可达性研究

在借鉴已有研究成果的基础上,以湛茂阳城市带18个县域单位为研究对象,通过利用综合交通可达性指数及交通区位优势度、县域内交通连通度和对外通达性三个分指数,全面分析湛江国际机场搬迁前后湛茂阳城市带各县级行政区的交通可达性空间格局特征。结果表明:湛江国际机场搬迁后,湛茂阳城市带综合交通可达性得到明显提升,较高可达性市县区由7个增加至10个;表现出更强的空间集聚性和空间自相关,并且形成以湛江各区、茂南区和江城区为中心,沿海连续形成可达性高值带状片区。对湛茂阳城市带县域尺度综合交通可达性进行研究能够为区域协调均衡发展提供更好的理论和实践指导。     

基于指定到达追踪间隔的高铁车站接车进路长度研究

确定合理的高铁车站接车进路长度对压缩到达追踪间隔时间有重要意义。本文首先通过构建满足到达追踪间隔时间的高铁车站接车进路长度计算模型,提出了接车进路长度的主要影响因素为由线路限制速度、站前坡坡度、制动力使用系数三因素(简称三因素)所确定的车载设备监控制动距离内列车运行时间。然后,通过对常见的线路限制速度、站前坡坡度、制动力使用系数取值下的车载设备监控制动距离内列车运行时间进行牵引计算仿真,并运用三因素方差分析法分析了三因素的影响显著度,得到了线路限制速度、站前坡坡度对高铁车站接车进路长度影响显著的结论。最后,基于高铁车站接车进路长度计算模型,得到了一组指定到达追踪间隔下的高铁车站接车进路长度表,为高铁车站设计提供思路。