基于预信号控制的十字路口快速公交优先通行研究

本文首先对基于预信号控制的十字路口BRT车辆优先通行进口道设置方法、BRT车辆停靠规则、主信号与预信号停车线之间的距离进行了研究,然后对主信号相位、相序及其与预信号配时的相互协调进行了分析,最后提出了基于预信号控制的十字路口BRT车辆在时间上享有优先通行权的设置方法.     

Sensitive analysis of emission rates in MOVES for developing site-specific emission database

With the rapid social and economic development, vehicle emissions have been identified as a major source of urban air pollutions in China. Therefore, the study on vehicle emission estimations is necessary. In light of the limitation of emission data for establishing a local comprehensive emission database, this paper analyzes the characteristics of emission rates in MOVES released by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to investigate the feasibility and to design a method for developing site-specific emission database. Sensitive analysis for model year, age group and speed interval is performed, and the regularity is concluded. The result shows that emission rates are almost constant with model year, but increase with age groups because of emission deterioration. With respect to speed intervals, the emission rates in 25–50 mph are higher than both those <25 mph and >50 mph in the same VSP (vehicle specific power) bins. In addition, an analysis of local emission data in Beijing is conducted to build the relationship between vehicle activities and emission rates. After that, a comparison of emission rates by VSP bins in MOVES and in local database is conducted in this study. The result shows that the absolute values are different because of regulatory emission standards, fuel quality, and other factors. However, the relative changes described by normalizing emission rates have a good consistency. Hence, the regularities of emission rates by VSP bins in MOVES can be used to develop local emission database in Beijing.     

收费弹性价格在高等级公路上的应用

对高等级公路收费费率分析中的几个问题如收费弹性、弹性价格类型、以及影响收费公路收费弹性的因素等方面进行探讨，提出了使用收费弹性价格来进一步确定收费费率的方法，并应用实例表明该方法是可行的。对于收费价格弹性的研究，拟在对影响收费价格弹性的相关因素进行总结分析基础上，对收费费率和交通量变化进行了相关性分析，并通过实例分析确定费率的调整幅度。     

Suspended sediment and erosion dynamics in Kugmallit Bay and Beaufort Sea during ice-free conditions

The Mackenzie River is the largest river on the North American side of the Arctic and its huge freshwater and sediment load impacts the Canadian Beaufort Shelf. Huge quantities of sediment and associated organic carbon are transported in the Mackenzie plume into the interior of the Arctic Ocean mainly during the freshet (May to September). Changing climate scenarios portend increased coastal erosion and resuspension that lead to altered river-shelf-slope particle budgets. We measured sedimentation rates, suspended particulate matter (SPM), particle size and settling rates during ice-free conditions in Kugmallit Bay (3–5 m depth). Additionally, measurements of erosion rate, critical shear stress, particle size distribution and resuspension threshold of bottom sediments were examined at four regionally contrasting sites (33–523 m depth) on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf using a new method for assessing sediment erosion. Wind induced resuspension was evidenced by a strong relationship between SPM and wind speed in Kugmallit Bay. Deployment of sediment traps showed decreasing sedimentation rates at sites along an inshore–offshore transect ranging from 5400 to 3700 g m^− 2 day^− 1. Particle settling rates and size distributions measured using a Perspex settling chamber showed strong relationships between equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) and particle settling rates (r² = 0.91). Mean settling rates were 0.72 cm s^− 1 with corresponding ESD values of 0.9 mm. Undisturbed sediment cores were exposed to shear stress in an attempt to compare differences in sediment stability across the shelf during September to October 2003. Shear was generated by vertically oscillating a perforated disc at controlled frequencies corresponding to calibrated shear velocity using a piston grid erosion device. Critical (Type I) erosion thresholds (u) varied between 1.1 and 1.3 cm s^− 1 with no obvious differences in location. Sediments at the deepest site Amundsen Gulf displayed the highest erosion rates (22–54 g m^− 2 min^− 1) with resuspended particle sizes ranging from 100 to 930 µm for all sites. There was no indication of biotic influence on sediment stability, although our cores did not display a fluff layer of unconsolidated sediment. Concurrent studies in the delta and shelf region suggest the importance of a nepheloid layer which transports suspended particles to the slope. Continuous cycles of resuspension, deposition, and horizontal advection may intensify with reduction of sea ice in this region. Our measurements coupled with studies of circulation and cross-shelf exchange allow parameterization and modeling of particle dynamics and carbon fluxes under various climate change scenarios.     

浅析开放式公路计重收费

介绍了开放式公路计重收费的意义,分析了影响开放式公路计重收费标准的各种因素,对确定开放式公路计重收费费率的方法进行了介绍和评价。     

Part 1. National road safety performance: Data,the emergence of two single-outcome modeling streams and public health

This first part of the state-of-the art focuses on the origins of road safety modeling, covering data, early models and the public health context of model formulation and use.     

Statistical and activity-based modeling of university student travel behavior

Abstract

This paper conducts a statistical analysis of student travel behavior at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU). The data source is the ‘University NHTS’ project launched by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) in 2009. Through this empirical study, it has been found that university student travel behavior is different from that of the general population; urban universities have lower percentages of nonmotorized trips than college-town universities; undergraduate students are likely to make more daily trips than graduate students – similarly, on-campus students make more frequent trips than off-campus students; the most frequent student activities are home and academic activities; and student group categories have virtually no impact on daily activity profiles, though activity types do have a dramatic impact on daily activity profiles. Based on these research findings, the paper makes a series of recommendations regarding trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice, and activity-based modeling.     

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动态OD需求是城市交通规划、交通管理控制措施制定及评估工作的数据基础,然而现有多数动态OD估计模型存在着难以应用于真实路网OD估计的问题. 针对于此,本文提出了一种基于浮动车和RTMS数据的动态OD估计模型,该模型具有操作性和实用性强的特点. 模型的实现经历了两个阶段：第一阶段是利用RTMS数据进行静态OD反推,获得与现实OD需求相匹配的静态控制OD需求;第二阶段是基于浮动车数据和RTMS数据计算得到每个OD对的时变拆分比例,并用该比例拆分静态控制OD获得动态OD需求. 最后以北京西三环交通走廊为研究对象,开展了动态OD需求估计实例分析工作,从而验证模型的准确性和实用性.     

信号交叉口直行车道饱和流率研究

为了提高城市信号交叉口车辆运行效率,本文分析了直行车道饱和流率的影响因素。基于长沙市典型信号控制交叉口直行车道在不同车道宽度、大车率和车道数情况下饱和车头时距的采集数据,分别建立了饱和流率与车道宽度、大车率、车道数的一元回归关系模型和饱和流率关于车道宽度、大车率和车道数的三元回归线性模型,最后并将拟合的模型放入南京典型信号控制交叉口的应用环境中。结果表明交叉口延误和饱和度值减少,进而说明所得到的模型具有一定的适用性。     

Modeling traffic crash rates of road segments through a lognormal hurdle framework with flexible scale parameter

This study examines distributional characteristics of crash rates for road segments using observed accident data. The results indicate that the distribution of crash rates is mixed and right‐skewed, which motivates the consideration of non‐normal distributions. With the aid of Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests, kernel density plots, and Q–Q plots, the lognormal distribution is verified as an appropriate candidate for representing the positive domain of crash rates. Then, a lognormal hurdle model was developed and also compared with gamma and Weibull hurdle models. Further, the lognormal hurdle model was revised by allowing the scale parameter to vary with respect to explanatory variables. Such a modification enables the heterogeneous skewness of samples to be captured while enhancing the modeling flexibility. The proposed model was also compared with a Tobit model, an alternative approach that treats crash rates as censored data. Among all these models, the proposed lognormal hurdle model with flexible scale parameter presents the best modeling performance, and the analyses also reveal that several explanatory variables affect crash rates through not only the location parameter but also the scale parameter in the lognormal model. This study finally attempted to inspect crash rates through count models, and it discovered that the proposed hurdle model is superior because it is able to output the whole distribution form of crash rates, whereas the crash count model can only provide the expected value of crash rates, provided the exposure variable servers as an offset term in the link function of the mean parameter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.