海外工程选址中的地质分析

介绍在伊朗某大型LNG液化厂工程建设场地选址中,应用地质分析结合经济分析对比快速选出最优场址的过程。通过收集拟选定的A、B场址的已有地质资料,结合现场地质调查,得出各拟选场址的地质特点,认为场地中砂、钙质胶结和暗礁等对场地平整、地基处理、桩基及沉桩工艺、航道开挖、主码头建设、电厂和液化厂动力基础等影响重大,是影响工程造价的核心。通过对比,得出B地块是最优的场址的结论。     

Effective Public Participation is Fundamental for Marine Conservation—Lessons from a Large-Scale MPA

The Representative Areas Program (RAP) was, at the time, the most comprehensive process of community involvement and participatory planning for any environmental issue in Australia. The RAP was a key component of the widely acclaimed rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, and although completed in 2003, many lessons learned are still relevant today. This paper provides an analysis of the comprehensive public participation program that significantly influenced the final planning outcome. It provides insights into a fundamental component of effective marine planning, assessing what worked well and what did not in terms of public engagement. Some aspects of the public participation program were innovative, and some were more effective than others. The outcome was one-third of the Marine Park was declared as highly protected no-take zones in 2004, with the remainder of the park also zoned to provide lower levels of protection. The methods used to engage the public and the 25 lessons discussed in this paper should be of interest for practitioners, policy makers and academics elsewhere aiming for “good practice” approaches to achieve environmental conservation.     

珊瑚岛礁跨海大桥的勘察实践及工程意义

针对珊瑚礁岩土的工程分类欠缺、钻探技术效果不佳、原位及物探测试手段不足以及物理力学性质评价指标及其体系需要重建等系列问题,进行珊瑚礁岩土的勘察技术研究。基于勘察实例,证明常规的技术方法多不适用于勘察珊瑚礁岩土。需集中对珊瑚礁岩土工程地质特性(如地质环境特性、动力工程环境、岩土组成及其描述、基本物理特征、力学特性、颗粒破碎特性、岩土工程评价等方面)和勘察技术(如钻探取样、物探、原位测试、室内试验等)进行研究,并不断积累经验。     

岛礁陡坡地形上波浪破碎试验研究

通过波浪水槽系列模型试验对岛礁地形上的波浪破碎位置进行试验研究。试验中将岛礁地形概化为向海陡坡与水平平台相连接的模型,研究3种陡坡(1∶1. 5、1∶3和1∶5)、3种相对水深(0. 1、0. 17和0. 24)下的波浪破碎位置。结果表明,波浪相对破碎位置与Irribarren数、礁坪相对水深以及前坡坡度有关,且随Irribarren数和相对水深的增大而向岸侧移动,随坡度的变陡而向海侧移动。同时,也给出了波浪破碎位置计算方法。     

Designing a Network of Coral Reef Marine Protected Areas in Hainan Island,South China

Overexploitation of reef resources and increasing coastal tourism have severely damaged the health of coral reef ecosystems around Hainan Island, South China. Only some reef sites are protected, and the effectiveness of the marine protected areas (MPA) appears inadequate. Networks of MPAs have been widely proposed as a more effective tool for reef conservation. However, little is known about the overall state of the island's coral reefs, and no guidelines exist for MPA network building in China. In this study, the information currently available on the distribution and condition of Hainan's coral reefs is comprehensively used to assess reef status, and to identify other reef areas prior to protection. An MPA network around the island is proposed in terms of monitoring, legal, and management aspects to improve the conservation effectiveness. This could also serve as a model for developing MPA networks for other coastal areas with respect to coral reef conservation.     

赤水河口淤沙段航道治理试验

分析赤水河来水来沙特性、泥沙淤积和碍航特点,提出用整治建筑物、炸礁与疏浚等手段束窄滩段河宽,并通过模型进行论证。     

澜沧江三道拐河段航道整治模型试验研究

论述了三道拐河段河床复杂地形、碍航原因等情况,在认识滩性的基础上进行工程对比试验,提出了治理应以增大弯道半径和改善水流流态为主,从而保证中、枯水通航     

Warming Seas in the Coral Triangle: Coral Reef Vulnerability and Management Implications

The highest diversity coral reefs in the world, located in the Coral Triangle, are threatened by a variety of local stresses including pollution, overfishing, and destructive fishing in addition to climate change impacts, such as increasing sea surface temperatures (SSTs), and ocean acidification. As climate change impacts increase, coral reef vulnerability at the ecoregional scale will have an increasingly important influence on conservation management decisions. This project provides the first detailed assessment of past and future climatic stress, thermal variability, and anthropogenic impacts in the Coral Triangle at the ecoregional level, thus incorporating both local (e.g., pollution, development, and overfishing) and global threats (increasing SSTs). The development of marine protected area (MPA) networks across the Coral Triangle is critical for the region to address these threats. Specific management recommendations are defined for MPA networks based on the levels of vulnerability to thermal and local stress. For example, coral reef regions with potentially low vulnerability to thermal stress may be priorities for establishment of MPA networks, whereas high vulnerability regions may require selection and design principles aimed at building resilience to climate change. The identification of climate and other human threats to coral reef systems and ecoregions can help conservation practitioners prioritize management responses to address these threats and identify gaps in MPA networks or other management mechanisms (e.g., integrated coastal management).     

Food supply mechanisms for cold-water corals along a continental shelf edge

In recent years it has been documented that deep-water coral reefs of the species Lophelia pertusa are a major benthic habitat in Norwegian waters. However, basic information about the biology and ecology of this species is still unknown. Lophelia live and thrive under special environmental conditions of which factors such as temperature, water depth, water movement and food supply are important. The present work explores the hypothesis that Lophelia forms reefs in places where the encounter rate of food particles is sufficiently high and stable over long periods of time for continuous growth. This is done by relating the distribution of reefs with the results of numerical ocean modelling.Numerical simulations have been performed with an idealized bottom topography similar to what is found outside parts of the Norwegian coast. In the simulations the model is first forced with an along slope jet and then with an idealized atmospheric low pressure. The model results show that the encounter rates between the particles and the water layer near the seabed are particularly high close to the shelf break. This may indicate that many Lophelia reefs are located along the shelf edges because the supply of food is particularly good in these areas.A sensitivity study of the particle supply in the area close to the seabed for increasing latitude has also been done. This shows that the Ekman transport in the benthic layer tends to create a steady supply of food for benthic organisms near the shelf edge away from the equator.     

Tragedy of the San Francisco bay commons

Abstract

Although the early efforts to save San Francisco Bay in the 1960's provided the role model for protection of California's 1100 mile ocean coastline, neither Proposition 20 of 1972 nor the California Coastal Act of 1976 provided any benefits to San Francisco Bay. One result is that the Bay is locked into its urban, shoreline‐use dominated plan of 1969 while every other estuary and coastal wetland in California receives much stronger protection of its resources. Furthermore, due to the complexity of California's water laws, there is no instream flow protection for receiving waters such as San Francisco Bay. This is particularly critical considering that 70% of the Bay's freshwater inflow has been diverted. The Bay's present decline as the largest and most important estuary on the West Coast, as well as its possible death as an estuary, may be irreversible. The problem requires the immediate attention of engineering, scientific, economic and legal disciplines if San Francisco Bay is to be saved.