客车空调制冷剂自动化充注工艺

分析大中型客车空调制冷剂传统充注工艺存在的问题,简要介绍客车空调制冷剂自动化充注工艺的开发及应用情况。     

舰船空调用新型绿色环保制冷剂探讨

目前,我国舰船空调制冷系统基本上都采用R22制冷剂.由于舰船使用的环境恶劣,易造成制冷系统故障,使之每年有相当数量R22制冷剂泄漏于大气中.将舰船空调使用制冷剂R22与几种替代工质进行比较,综合研究和分析环境保护、安全性、热力性质、经济性等因素,提出可替代新型绿色环保制冷剂.     

低压输气管道内检测技术研究与应用

小管径低压输气管道在低排量下实施内检测,由于介质的可压缩性,通过弯头、跨越处,可能导致检测器的卡堵、停滞,同时瞬间速度波动幅度较大还容易造成数据缺失和检测器损坏,针对以上的问题,通过调整管道背压和替换管输介质的方式,研究了检测器的运行情况,使用自研软件记录检测器的运行速度并与建立的模型结果进行比对,论证了实际运行速度一定程度偏离于理论值,不能准确反映检测器运行状态,在替换介质后检测器获得了稳定工况,成功实施内检测并获取可靠数据。     

浅谈如何降低车载空调返修率

针对部分车载空调经过维修后会出现故障返修概率高现象,笔者以经验结合部分相关理论,浅谈如何降低故障返修率的心得。     

Optimal congestion taxes in a time allocation model

The purpose of this paper is to study optimal congestion taxes in a time-allocation framework. This makes it possible to distinguish taxes on inputs in the production of car trips and taxes on transport as an activity. Moreover, the model allows us to consider the implications of treating transport as a demand, derived from other activities. We extend several well known tax rules from the public finance literature and carefully interpret the implications for the optimal tax treatment of passenger transport services. The main findings of the paper are the following. First, if governments are limited to taxing market inputs into transport trip production, the time-allocation framework: (i) provides an argument for taxing congestion below marginal external cost, (ii) implies a favourable tax treatment for time-saving devices such as GPS, and (iii) provides a previously unnoticed argument for public transport subsidies. Second, if the government has access to perfect road pricing that directly taxes transport as an activity, all previous results disappear. Third, in the absence of perfect road pricing, the activity-specific congestion attracted by employment centres, by shopping centres or by large sports and cultural events should be corrected via higher taxes on market inputs in these activities (e.g., entry tickets, parking fees, etc.).     

高水基液压液管路串洗设备研究

为使粘度低而运行压力高的高水基液压液能正常用于串洗管路,串洗设备撬块增加了冷媒水模块以控制串洗液的粘度,串洗设备实际运行基本正常,且管路串洗后的清洁度完全达到设计要求,证明整套串洗设备的设计思路是正确的。     

The effect of non-recreational transport cycling on use of other transport modes: A cross-sectional on-line survey

Accurate modelling of the health and environmental benefits of non-recreational transport cycling requires information about its effects on the use of other transport modes. Relevant research has not focussed on cycling for transport in a general context (as opposed to bikeshare), nor allowed for multi-modal trips. The influence of trip- and personal-characteristics on whether cycling replaces car-driving have yet to be considered. The present study aimed to address these research gaps. An on-line cross-sectional survey was completed by 1525 Australians who cycle for transport at least once per week. For the most recent trip completed (at least partly) by bicycle participants provided trip distance, and percentage travelled by car, public transport (PT), and walking. They also provided the percentage travelled by each mode for the same trip before taking up transport cycling; and a hypothetical future trip when riding is not possible. Compared to the same trip before, fifty percent of recent trips reduced car use, and around 1/3 eliminated a 100%-car trip. Reduced car use was significantly less likely for trips under 7.5 km, commuting, females, respondents under 55, and regular cyclists. Reduced car use was less likely for respondents who started riding because it is flexible, and more likely for those who started riding to avoid parking. Car-use was reduced by an average of 6.2 km per trip, and each bicycle-km cycled replaced 0.5 car-km. Participants report that since taking up cycling, even when they cannot use their bike, they use cars less and use PT more compared to before they took up cycling. Results suggest that previous studies underestimated the extent to which transport cycling replaces car travel, and highlights trip types and population groups to target with cycling promotion strategies. Information about the per-trip and per-bicycle-km replacement of car, PT and walking may be used for more accurate estimation of the benefits of transport cycling than has hitherto been possible.     

Low carbon maritime transport: How speed,size and slenderness amounts to substantial capital energy substitution

Three responses that reduce energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in maritime transport are slower speeds, larger vessels and slender hull designs. We use crude oil carriers as our illustrative example; these represent nearly a quarter of international sea cargo movements. We estimate the potential and costs in these which can all be described as capital substituting for energy and emissions. At different degrees of flexibility and time scales: speed reductions are feasible immediately when there are vessels available, though more capital will be tied up in cargo. Deployment of larger and more slender vessels to a greater extent requires fleet renovation, and also investments in ports and infrastructure. A novel finding in our analysis is that if bunker costs rise as a result of emission costs (fees, quotas), then this may depress speeds and emissions more than if they result from higher oil prices. The reason is that for higher oil prices, more capital tied up in cargo may give cargo owners an interest in speeding up, partly counteracting the impulse from fuel costs that tends to slow vessels down. Emission costs, in contrast, do not raise cargo values.     

铁路网重空车流径路整体优化模型

基于我国铁路车流径路呈树形结构的特点,将分车种的空车调配纳入车流径路的优化体系,同时在满足点线能力限制的前提下,以重空车流整体走行费用最小为目标,构建了车流运行径路的优化模型,并在此基础上,考虑到空车调配过程中的车种代用因素,对模型进行扩展,描述了铁路网重空车流的分配方案．最后,以我国东北部分区域路网为案例背景,通过优化求解,获得了满意的车流径路方案和空车调配轮廓方案,从而验证了模型的合理性和有效性．     

英汉说明文体中省略与替代之比较

省略和替代是语法篇章结构中衔接语篇的两种常用的连句方式。本文以12段英汉说明文段落为语料着重分析了省略和替代在篇章衔接中的使用频率和表现差异。