约束可松弛的网络绿波模型

为解决区域交通信号协调控制领域中常规网络绿波模型可行域窄或无解的问题,提出了约束可松弛的网络绿波模型。应用混合整数线性规划方法构建模型,以所有路段双向绿波带宽加权和最大为优化目标,利用约束松弛方法,将干线约束和网络外圈闭环约束转变为可松弛的不等式约束。模型针对每条路段引入了0~1二元变量,表示路段的绿波是否被打断。通过模型求解,获得网络中必要的松弛路段,并打断相应的路段绿波,去除外圈闭环约束,以扩大可行域并找到最优解。算例对不同控制方案下提出的模型和其他绿波模型的绿波优化结果进行比较分析。算例显示,当网络各个交叉口采用同一化控制方案时,易于在不打断任何路段绿波的条件下找到最优解。此时,所提出的模型的解和常规网络绿波模型的解等价。当网络各交叉口采取差异化控制方案时,常规网络绿波模型无可行解,Gartner网络绿波模型仅获得非最优的可行解,而所提出的模型能够获得全局最优解。算例中只有1条路段的绿波被打断,而网络的其他路段均获得有效绿波带,且任意相交的干线绿波能够合理协调。算例优化结果表明：所提出的模型优于常规网络绿波模型和Gartner网络绿波模型,更适合复杂的城市交通网络信号优化设计。     

混合对转推进系统设计与实船应用研究

为全面深入了解混合对转推进系统实船安装对船舶性能影响,为数值仿真和性能预报提供实船参考数据,以集装箱运输船为应用对象,提出了一种把吊舱推进器集成在挂舵臂上的混合对转推进系统(CRP-POD),详细阐述了CRP-POD的系统构成、工作模式和电气控制系统实船设计方案。通过实船试验和运行数据分析,安装混合对转推进系统的船舶与同系列安装常规推进系统的船舶相比,特定航行工况下航速有2~3%的提升、回转能力有所降低、航向稳定性上优于常规船。     

果汁运输改装船关键工程控制方案研究

果汁运输船是将新鲜果汁从产地输送至需求地的主要海上远程运输工具,是解决果汁长时间存放、运输的有效载体。由于集装箱船、果汁运输船两型船舶船体结构特点类似,因此把集装船改装为果汁运输船,其改装成本远低于新造果汁运输船。文章研究集装箱船改装为果汁运输船的关键工程控制方案,探索改装技术思路,为类似改装工程提供借鉴。     

轨道交通四网融合路径探讨——以大西安为例

我国多个以中心城市为核心的城市群集聚了多层次轨道交通资源,为发挥各种轨道资源的比较优势和组合效率,实现各种轨道交通功能互补、互联互通、便捷换乘、资源共享,因而对高速铁路、城际铁路、市域快轨和城市轨道这4个网络的融合路径进行探讨。最后,以大西安轨道交通四网融合为例进行实证分析,并得出研究结论。     

Exploring the issue of integrating logistics and traffic control in urban areas

This paper proposes an optimization framework for urban transportation networks’ (re-)design which explicitly takes into account the specific decision-making processes of ordinary users and logistic operators. Ordinary users are typically commuters whose travels consist of well-defined pairs of origin and destination points, while logistic operators make deliveries at multiple locations. Obviously, these two user classes have different objectives and scopes of action. These differences are seldom considered in traffic research since most models aggregate the flow demand in OD matrices and use assignment models to predict the response of all users as if the dynamics of their optimization processes were of the same nature. This work demonstrates that better results can be achieved if the particular features of each user class are included in the models. It potentially improves the estimation of the responses and allows managers to shape their control measures to address specific user needs.     

A new generalized travel cost based connectivity metric applied to Scandinavian airports

This article proposes a new, generalized travel cost based method to operationalize network accessibility provided by airports. The approach is novel as it integrates features of network topology with multiple quality aspects of scheduled air transport services into one metric. The method estimates generalized travel costs for the full set of feasible travel paths between an airport and all network destinations. Rooftop modeling accounts for schedule delay and isolates the most cost-efficient travel paths per O-D relation. Respecting the assumed arrival time preference of passengers and adjusting for destination importance, connectivity scores are derived. The method is then applied to explore changes in the global connectivity pattern of Scandinavian airports from 2004 to 2018. The results suggest distinct spatial differences throughout the network, but less pronounced in size than suggested by popularly applied connectivity measures. Findings also highlight the importance of the geographical location as a determinate of an airport’s connectivity.     

Benefit of speed reduction for ships in different weather conditions

Currently, the shipping industry is facing a great challenge of reducing emissions. Reducing ship speeds will reduce the emissions in the immediate future with no additional infrastructure. However, a detailed investigation is required to verify the claim that a 10% speed reduction would lead to 19% fuel savings (Faber et al., 2012).This paper investigates fuel savings due to speed reduction using detailed modeling of ship performance. Three container ships, two bulk carriers, and one tanker, representative of the shipping fleet, have been designed. Voyages have been simulated by modeling calm water resistance, wave resistance, propulsion efficiency, and engine limits. Six ships have been simulated in various weather conditions at different speeds. Potential fuel savings have been estimated for a range of speed reductions in realistic weather.It is concluded that the common assumption of cubic speed-power relation can cause a significant error in the estimation of bunker consumption. Simulations in different seasons have revealed that fuel savings due to speed reduction are highly weather dependent. Therefore, a simple way to include the effect of weather in shipping transport models has been proposed.Speed reduction can lead to an increase in the number of ships to fulfill the transport demand. Therefore, the emission reduction potential of speed reduction strategy, after accounting for the additional ships, has been studied. Surprisingly, when the speed is reduced by 30%, fuel savings vary from 2% to 45% depending on ship type, size and weather conditions. Fuel savings further reduce when the auxiliary engines are considered.     

Using GPS-data to determine optimum electric vehicle ranges: A Michigan case study

Fuel-switching personal transportation from gasoline to electricity offers many advantages, including lower noise, zero local air pollution, and petroleum-independence. But alleviations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are more nuanced, due to many factors, including the car’s battery range. We use GPS-based trip data to determine use type-specific, GHG-optimized ranges. The dataset comprises 412 cars and 384,869 individual trips in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. We use previously developed algorithms to determine driver types, such as using the car to commute or not. Calibrating an existing life cycle GHG model to a forecast, low-carbon grid for Ann Arbor, we find that the optimum range varies not only with the drive train architecture (plugin-hybrid versus battery-only) and charging technology (fast versus slow) but also with the driver type. Across the 108 scenarios we investigated, the range that yields lowest GHG varies from 65 km (55+ year old drivers, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid) to 158 km (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only). The optimum GHG reduction that electric cars offer – here conservatively measured versus gasoline-only hybrid cars – is fairly stable, between 29% (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only) and 46% (commuters, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid). The electrification of total distances is between 66% and 86%. However, if cars do not have the optimum range, these metrics drop substantially. We conclude that matching the range to drivers’ typical trip distances, charging technology, and drivetrain is a crucial pre-requisite for electric vehicles to achieve their highest potential to reduce GHG emissions in personal transportation.     

地埋式一体化污水处理系统在高速公路服务区的应用

针对高速公路污水量和水质的特点,设计采用地埋式一体化污水处理系统。通过实际应用和跟踪监测,该系统的应用可实现高速公路服务区污水的达标排放。     

大型综合交通枢纽指路标志系统设置研究

城市大型综合交通枢纽由于其功能多样,辐射广泛,周边路网复杂,因此对其指路标志系统需要专门设计。文章以上海市虹桥综合交通枢纽指路标志系统为研究对象,从路网结构及交通流特性出发,将指路标志系统按出行者需求层次分为四级,并提出相应的指路标志设置原则及方法,供相关部门参考。