考虑异质性的经典随机后悔最小化模型改进研究

传统基于后悔理论的交通行为模型对异质性考虑不充分，对真实选择行为的解释存在不足.本文利用韦伯比率，考虑出行者对各方式属性变量感知的异质性，对经典随机后悔最小化模型进行改进，分别建立基于随机效用最大化，经典随机后悔最小化和改进经典随机后悔最小化的选择模型；以网约车选择行为为例进行实证研究，验证改进模型效果.结果表明：3种模型参数标定结果具有一致性，改进模型的拟合优度(0.271)和命中率(75.8%)相较于另外两个模型均较优；改进模型能更好地描述多维属性决策过程中的半补偿原则和折中效应，可以提高模型对真实选择行为的解释能力.     

Evaluation of exclusive bus lanes in a bi-modal degradable road network

In this paper, we proposed an evaluation method of exclusive bus lanes (EBLs) in a bi-modal degradable road network with car and bus transit modes. Link travel time with and without EBLs for two modes is analyzed with link stochastic degradation. Furthermore, route general travel costs are formulated with the uncertainty of link travel time for both modes and the uncertainty of waiting time at a bus stop and in-vehicle congestion costs for the bus mode. The uncertainty of bus waiting time is considered to be relevant to the degradation of the front links of the bus line. A bi-modal user equilibrium model incorporating travelers’ risk adverse behavior is proposed for evaluating EBLs. Finally, two numerical examples are used to illustrate how the road degradation level, travelers’ risk aversion level and the front link’s correlation level with the uncertainty of the bus waiting time affect the results of the user equilibrium model with and without EBLs and how the road degradation level affects the optimal EBLs setting scheme. A paradox of EBLs setting is also illustrated where adding one exclusive bus lane may decrease share of bus.     

雾环境下高速公路驾驶人跟驰行为研究

雾环境下驾驶人行车与正常天气相比，在低能见度下视觉参照物较少，驾驶人更倾向于跟驰行驶。为研究雾环境下高速公路驾驶人跟驰行为，以真实雾环境下实车试验方式，选择多条高速公路作为试验路段，以Smart Eye眼动仪获取车辆在雾环境下高速公路驾驶人视觉参数，包含驾驶人注视区域、注视角度、注视持续时间、瞳孔直径、扫视速度以及扫视幅度等，以归一化方法对驾驶人注视重心进行分析，研究不同能见度下驾驶人的跟驰需求，并通过对雾环境下上述视觉参数进行规律总结。对雾环境下驾驶人跟驰特性进行统计及分类，将跟驰行为划分为主动、半主动、半被动以及全被动跟驰；通过分析雾区低能见度下驾驶人跟驰行驶条件，引入多维偏好理论及后悔理论，进行驾驶人跟驰决策模型构建，并基于差分法对模型进行参数标定及验证。研究结果表明：驾驶人在1次跟驰动态过程中，正常车道保持时驾驶人扫视速度较低，而当处于车道调整时，驾驶人扫视速度存在较大波动，且平均扫视速度较高，低能见度下驾驶人注视点转移速度27.0 （°）·s^-1明显低于晴好天气的52.0 （°）·s^-1；驾驶人在跟驰过程中，能见度对驾驶人跟驰时的视觉特征有显著影响，通过跟驰模型构建可为后续雾环境下车辆跟驰前后车距及车速预测提供理论支撑。     

Contrasts between utility maximisation and regret minimisation in the presence of opt out alternatives

An increasing number of studies of choice behaviour are looking at Random Regret Minimisation (RRM) as an alternative to the well established Random Utility Maximisation (RUM) framework. Empirical evidence tends to show small differences in performance between the two approaches, with the implied preference between the models being dataset specific. In the present paper, we discuss how in the context of choice tasks involving an opt out alternative, the differences are potentially more clear cut. Specifically, we hypothesise that when opt out alternatives are framed as a rejection of all the available alternatives, this is likely to have a detrimental impact on the performance of RRM, while the performance of RUM suffers more than RRM when the opt out is framed as a respondent being indifferent between the alternatives on offer. We provide empirical support for these hypotheses through two case studies, using the two different types of opt out alternatives. Our findings suggest that analysts need to carefully evaluate their choice of model structure in the presence of opt out alternatives, while any a priori preference for a given model structure should be taken into account in survey framing.     

The effect of attitudes on reference-dependent preferences: Estimation and validation for the case of alternative-fuel vehicles

Several recent studies in transportation have analysed how choices made by individuals are influenced by attitudes. Other studies have contributed to our understanding of apparently non-rational behaviour by examining how choices may reflect reference-dependent preferences. This paper examines how reference-dependent preferences and attitudes together may explain individual choices. In a modelling framework based on a hybrid choice model allowing for both concepts, we investigate how attitudes and reference-dependent preferences interact and how they affect willingness-to-pay measures and demand elasticities. Using a data set with stated choices among alternative-fuel vehicles, we see that allowing for reference-dependent preferences improves our ability to explain the stated choices in the data and that the attitude (appreciation of car features) explains part of the preference heterogeneity across individuals. The results indicate that individuals have reference-dependent preferences that could be explained by loss aversion and that these are indeed related to an individual’s attitude towards car features. The models are validated using a large hold-out sample. This shows that the inclusion of attitudes improves the models’ ability to explain behaviour in the hold-out sample. While neither reference-dependent preferences nor the attitude affect the average willingness-to-pay measures in our sample, their effect on choice behaviour has implications for policy recommendations as segments with varying attitudes and reference values will act differently when affected by policy instruments related to the demand for alternative-fuel vehicles, e.g. subsidies.     

I. intercity passenger transportation: energy consumption characteristics

The objective of this paper is to report energy consumption characteristics of Canadian intercity travel modes from a total energy viewpoint. For line haul as well as terminal access/egress operations, both the direct energy consumed for vehicle propulsion and the indirect energy required for the provision of intercity transportation services are investigated. In addition to a discussion of methods of estimating energy efficiency, factors affecting modal energy consumption are identified and the energy efficiency impact of technical developments are assessed. Energy efficiency information reported here is believed to be essential for planning, policy and conservation research at the disaggregated level.     

工程安全监理责任风险初探

从内部、外部两方面阐述了安全监理责任风险的原因,提出了有效合理的规避监理安全风险的建议。     

低钠饮食性缺钠对大鼠咸味觉敏感性的影响

目的采用条件性厌味(conditioned taste aversion,CTA)——双瓶选择方法检测低钠饮食性缺钠对咸味觉感受功能的影响。方法正常饮食大鼠及低钠饮食大鼠均分为条件组和非条件组,每组10只。建立实验大鼠对0.1mol/L NaCl溶液CTA后,给予系列浓度的NaCl和蒸馏水30min的双瓶选择测试,计算各溶液的味觉喜好值。根据条件组大鼠喜好值显著低于非条件组喜好值的最低味觉溶液浓度,确定咸味觉检测阈值。结果正常大鼠咸味觉检测阈值为0.003～0.005mol/L NaCl,而低钠饮食14d后该阈值降至0.001～0.003mol/L。结论慢性脱钠可下调咸味觉检测阈值,使大鼠对咸味刺激更加敏感。     

信息对出行时间的影响研究

在一个不确定性交通网络上,考虑不同风险厌恶程度出行者的出行时间受交通信息的影响,采用出行时间及对出行时间不确定性的偏爱程度建立期望效用函数,研究信息环境下与非信息环境下的期望出行时间,得到如下结论:(1)信息的提供将减少所有出行者的期望出行时间;(2)在信息环境下,风险厌恶程度高的出行者期望出行时间的减少比风险厌恶程度低的出行者期望出行时间减少更显著。并用算例对模型结论加以验证。     

低限速公路车速选择行为分析与建模

我国限速值低于 60 km/h的公路上超速 50%以下仅给予警告处分,部分低限速公路无交通监控设施,超速现象严重.以北京市郊某限速 40 km/h的公路路段为背景,设计并实施意向偏好调查(Stated Preference Survey,SP调查),通过分析 SP数据,并建立随机效用-后悔混合模型,剖析驾驶人车速选择的影响因素,探索超速行为机理.结果表明,限速标志对车速有一定规范作用,其他车辆平均车速的影响会弱化违法监控设备的效果;性别、驾龄、驾驶车型和接受超速处罚的经历均对车速选择行为有显著影响;驾驶人面对超速带来的收益和损失,遵循后悔最小化原则进行决策.