Modelling the impact of weather conditions on active transportation travel behaviour

Three weather sensitive models are used to explore the relationship between weather and home-based work trips within the City of Toronto, focusing on active modes of transportation. The data are restricted to non-captive commuters who have the option of selecting among five basic modes of auto driver, auto passenger, transit, bike and walk. Daily trip rates in various weather conditions are assessed. Overall, the results confirm that impact of weather on active modes of transportation is significant enough to deserve attention at the research, data collection and planning levels.     

深埋大断面黄土隧道初期支护受力特征分析

为避免初期支护局部破坏对深埋黄土隧道安全产生危害,依托甘肃省境内早胜3号隧道施工开展深埋大断面黄土隧道初期支护受力规律的现场试验研究。通过埋设振弦式传感器对围岩与初期支护接触压力、喷射混凝土应变、钢拱架应变、相邻钢拱架间作用力进行监测,同时建立模拟隧道施工的有限元计算模型,分析得到初期支护内力分布特点。结果表明： 1) 初期支护受力随时间表现出迅速增长—缓慢增长—逐渐稳定的特点,曲线在二次衬砌闭合12 d后基本稳定; 2)应力空间分布上部大下部小,偏压特性明显,荷载理论计算值偏小; 3) 拱顶及边墙区域为初期支护薄弱部位,需采取措施并加强监控量测; 4)数值计算表明锚杆末端轴力较小,设计中可考虑适当缩短锚杆长度。     

可变截面涡轮增压瞬态性能仿真研究

为研究可变截面涡轮喷嘴开度对发动机的性能影响,建立GT-power和MATLB/Simulink联合仿真模型。采用GT-power软件建立的TBD234V12可变截面涡轮增压柴油机仿真模型研究发动机稳态性能,联合MATLB/Simulink软件建立的可变截面涡轮增压柴油机控制模型,对发动机瞬态性能进行仿真计算。结果表明:在发动机瞬态工况下,可变截面涡轮增压系统可以明显改善常规增压柴油机的动力性、经济性和动态响应特性,并且有效降低增压柴油机的时滞性,涡轮迟滞时间的降幅约为30%。     

Incorporating the extended theory of planned behavior in a school travel mode choice model: a case study of Shaoxing,China

Travel to and from school can have social, economic, and environmental implications for students and their parents. Therefore, understanding school travel mode choice behavior is essential to find policy-oriented approaches to optimizing school travel mode share. Recent research suggests that psychological factors of parents play a significant role in school travel mode choice behavior and the Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model has been used to test the effect of psychological constructs on mode choice behavior. However, little research has used a systematic framework of behavioral theory to organize these psychological factors and investigate their internal relationships. This paper proposes an extended theory of planned behavior (ETPB) to delve into the psychological factors caused by the effects of adults’ cognition and behavioral habits and explores the factors’ relationship paradigm. A theoretical framework of travel mode choice behavior for students in China is constructed. We established the MIMIC model that accommodates latent variables from ETPB. We found that not all the psychological latent variables have significant effects on school travel mode choice behavior, but habit can play an essential role. The results provide theoretical support for demand policies for school travel.     

Daily activity and travel sequences of students,faculty and staff at a large Canadian university

This paper examines the activity engagement, sequencing and timing of activities for student, faculty and staff commuter groups at the largest university in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. The daily activity patterns of all university community groups are modeled using the classification and regression tree classifier algorithm. The data used for this study are derived from the Environmentally Aware Travel Diary Survey (EnACT) conducted in spring 2016 at Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia. Results show that there are significant differences in activity and travel behavior between university population segments and the general population in the region, and between campus groups. For example, students participate in more recreation activities compared to faculty and staff. They also take more trips to and from campus, and are more flexible in their scheduling of trips. The insights gained from this study will provide helpful information for promoting sustainability across university campuses, and for development of campus-based travel demand management strategies.     

Tradable credits for managing car travel: a review of empirical research and relevant behavioural approaches

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in Tradable Credits (TC) as an alternative measure to manage the growth of personal car use. This paper summarises the results and methodologies of studies that have sought to anticipate the behavioural responses to several proposed TC schemes that target personal travel. In a critical reflection on this work and in an attempt to inspire future research, we argue that future empirical studies on TC behaviours can greatly benefit from insights from the fields of behavioural economics and cognitive psychology. Therefore, in the second part of the paper, we bring together behavioural concepts from these fields that are relevant in a TC decision-making context. Based on observations from current TC studies and the behavioural mechanisms identified in the second part of the paper, we propose promising directions for future research on understanding the impact of TC on personal car travel.     

Long-term impact of the Shinkansen on rail and air demand: analysis with data from Northeast Japan

This paper analyses how the high-speed rail construction in Northeast Japan (Tohoku) has affected total demand and interregional travel patterns. We use annual interregional passenger data from 1989 to 2012 and apply regression analysis with the demand between Tokyo and the Tohoku prefectures as the dependent variable. We distinguish particularly between the ‘Full-’ and the ‘Mini-’ Shinkansen, where the latter are branch services running with reduced speed. We find that the ‘Full-Shinkansen’ quickly increases rail and total public transport trips and generates additional rail demand year on year. The ‘Mini-Shinkansen’ impacts are less pronounced. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the Shinkansen has shifted some demand from air to rail once it started operation and increased rail share gradually. We therefore suggest that predictions of demand impacts should carefully distinguish immediate from gradual impacts. We also discuss differences in regional demand in that not all prefectures have gained equally from Shinkansen construction.     

Factors influencing travel mode choice among families with young children (aged 0–4): a review of the literature

Life events, such as the birth of a child, disrupt habitual travel behaviour and provide a valuable opportunity to influence the adoption of sustainable transport practices. However, in order for sustainable travel practices to be adopted, an understanding is required of the factors that influence travel mode choice among families with young children. Research in this field is particularly timely given many in the millennial generation, a comparably large cohort, are approaching this life stage. This comprehensive literature review develops a framework of factors influencing travel mode choice among families with young children. The findings reveal a multitude of factors influence decisions about mode choice, and, in particular, encourage travel by car, when travelling with young children. The paper concludes with an agenda for future research about travel among families with young children, a largely overlooked group of transport users.     

典型洪水作用下长江口白茆沙水道演变特性

基于白茆沙水道典型年份地形和水文数据,对典型洪水作用下白茆沙水道演变特性进行研究。结果表明:在新的河道边界条件和典型洪水作用下白茆沙水道分流点下移北偏,汇流点上提,白茆沙北水道深泓持续北偏,南水道新泾河至七丫口一带深泓较稳定;白茆沙沙体发生淤积,其面积、体积均呈增大特征,白茆沙南水道深槽平面上表现为冲刷展宽,断面上白茆沙南水道深槽冲刷下切,北水道断面面积呈淤积萎缩态势;白茆沙全河段表现出冲槽淤滩、总体淤积特征。     

汉江河口段河床演变及碍航特性分析

汉江河口段属典型的"两堤一江"河段,河道微弯,河槽单一。根据《湖北省内河航运发展规划(修编)》,本河段将在十三五期间将航道等级提升到Ⅱ级。根据河道地形资料,从河道平面、深泓纵剖面、深槽变化等方面着手,对该河段的河床演变规律、影响因素及碍航特性进行研究,并针对碍航浅区段提出相应的治理思路,为该河段的航道治理提供依据。