A model to assess public transport demand stability

Transport authorities, especially those in developing countries where rising income stimulate increased car ownership rates, are often concerned with maintaining or increasing levels of public transport use. Therefore, the ability to identify clients at risk of abandoning the system can be valuable for remedial measures, allowing for more focused quality improvements. We present and apply a model that determines the probability of migrating from public to private transport at both aggregated and disaggregated levels. In application, the model predicted migration with 60% accuracy in the first preference recovery measure. The proposed model can improve the understanding of the behavior of public transport users, the analysis of demand stability and the factors influencing migration. This, in turn, can help to focus policy and management measures and increase the efficiency of public investment.     

城市保水性沥青路面的研究现状与应用前景

阐述城市热岛效应的危害,介绍城市保水性沥青路面的起源、概念及国内外研究现状,指出我国在这一领域的不足,并提出今后的研究方向和建议。     

地铁工程盾构接收渗漏险情的处理实践

为研究地铁盾构接收洞门渗漏处理的措施，保护周边复杂环境安全，以某盾构接收端突发⑦1-2砂质粉土层中的承压水穿透⑥粉质黏土层从洞门涌出的险情处置为例，通过对渗漏成因的分析、各处置方案进行比选，提出盾构停止掘进、盾壳内壁冻结封堵渗漏通道的处理方案，达到封水条件后抽干接收井内的积水，将盾壳留置在地层中并施工隧道衬砌，最终完成盾构接收。研究结果表明： 地面引孔注聚氨酯的措施对洞门渗漏承压水层突涌的封堵效果不佳，通过冷板冻结可有效冻结漏水通道，但须考虑水体流动带来的冷量损失。     

下凹式绿地对雨水径流的控制效果研究

研究了10 cm、15 cm、20 cm三种下凹深度以及添加火山岩、煤渣、沸石三种填料基质情况下下凹式绿地的蓄滞效果;考察了添加火山岩、煤渣、沸石三种填料对下凹式绿地去污效果的影响.结果表明:下凹深度越大,绿地对雨水的削减效果较好,但出于安全考虑,下凹深度应该控制在一定的安全范围内;不同的填料也会对蓄滞和去污效果产生影响,添加火山岩的装置蓄滞效果相对较好,对总磷的去除效果也较好,去除率为82.7％;添加煤渣对总氮的去除率最高,为48％,添加沸石对COD的去除率最好,为34.9％,添加三种材料对SS的去除率都较高,达到95％左右.     

基于需求响应的铁路集装箱班列始发时刻优化

依据铁路运输生产实际,充分考虑集装箱货物与集装箱班列在时间和数量方面的匹配关系,以集装箱货物在集装箱办理站的总停留时间最小为优化目标,以集装箱货物装车唯一性、班列编成箱数、作业时间和发车间隔为约束条件,构建铁路集装箱班列始发时刻优化的非线性混合整数规划模型。根据模型的特点,设计基于遗传算法的求解方法。由随机产生和"先到先服务"方案结合的方法生成初始种群,并运用启发式策略修复进化过程中出现的不可行解。以胶州-黄岛之间的铁路集装箱班列为例进行仿真计算。结果表明:模型和算法具有较高的计算效率;利用模型及算法得到的集装箱班列始发时刻与集装箱货物的数量、到达时间分布之间具有较好的匹配性,使集装箱在办理站停留时间最短,制定的班列开行计划响应了用户需求。     

非饱和膨胀土持水能力试验研究*

利用压力板仪,进行不同干密度条件下非饱和膨胀土的土水特性试验,分析膨胀土土水特征曲线的基本特征,探讨干密度对膨胀土持水能力的影响,并根据试验得到的土水特征曲线推出其两个基本特征值。结果表明,不同吸力阶段干密度对持水能力的影响程度不同,对基质吸力低于进气值的边界效应阶段影响不大,基质吸力超过进气值进入转化阶段后,干密度增大明显增强了膨胀土的持水能力;膨胀土的进气值和残余含水率都比较大,并且随着干密度的增大均增大。应用数学模型描述不同干密度膨胀土的土水特征曲线,分析了干密度对数学模型参数的影响,给出了干密度、基质吸力和饱和度的函数表达式。     

分洪区内修建高速公路的防洪安全影响分析

针对穿越分洪区的高速公路建设问题，利用分洪区平面二维洪水演进数学模型，对分洪区内高速公路工程修建前后的分蓄洪过程进行了数值模拟。通过对分洪流量、分洪历时、水位过程、流速过程、堤防近岸流速等分洪要素的计算结果分析，提出在分洪区内修建高速公路时应着重考虑分洪时公路边坡的稳定性和抗渗性、防排水系统的完善以及高架桥桥孔的布设等，最大限度地保证公路自身的防洪安全；同时也应从保证防洪建筑物（堤防、安全区）的安全、防洪通道的畅通等角度出发，进一步优化公路设计，最大程度地降低工程对防洪设施的不利影响。     

10 Towards a Safer Environment：（7）How apatite minerals remediate Pb,Zn and Mn from wastewater？

To evaluate the effectiveness of apatite mineral in removing different contaminants from low quality water in the industrial city of abha,Asir region,southwestern of Saudi Arabia two phosphatic clay dominated by apatite mineral were selected.In situ remediation experiment proved that apatite mineral has the highest affinity for Pb and removed more than 94% from initial Pb concentration.The rest of contaminants followed the descending order of:Zn>Mn>Cu>Co>Ni.The sorption of Pb,Zn and Mn onto apatite mineral was well characterized by the Langmuir model.Ternary-metal addition induced competitive sorption among the three metals,with the interfering effect of Pb>Zn>Mn.During metal retention by apatite mineral calcium and phosphate were determined in equilibrium solution.Calcium increased and phosphate decreased with increasing metal disappearance.The greatest increase of calcium and the largest phosphate reduction were found with Pb+2 sorption. This is suggested that Pb+2 retention by apatite was through the dissolution of apatite which mean release of Ca and P into solution and formation of pyromorphite(lead phosphate)as consuming of P.Obtained results suggested that there are two general mechanisms for the ability of apatite mineral to take up Pb2+,Zn+2 and Mn+2.The first is (ion-ion exchange mechanism)concerned with adsorption of ions on the solid surface followed by their diffusion into apatite mineral and the release of cations originally contained within apatite.The second is (dissolution- precipitation mechanism)concerned to the dissolution of apatite in the aqueous solution containing Pb2+,Zn+2 and Mn+2 followed by the precipitation or coprecipitation.Pb+2 desorption responding to solution pH may indicate that not all the Pb+2 was chemisorbed and fraction of Pb+2 was weakly adsorbed or complexed on the surface of apatite mineral.     

What influences satisfaction and loyalty in public transport? A review of the literature

Public transport ridership retention is a challenge for many cities. To develop comprehensive strategies aimed at retaining riders, it is necessary to understand the aspects of public transport that influence users to become loyal to the system. This paper analyses relevant literature regarding the causes of satisfaction and loyalty in public transport. We find that the service factors most associated with satisfaction are on-board cleanliness and comfort, courteous and helpful behaviour from operators, safety, as well as punctuality and frequency of service. On the other hand, loyalty is associated with users’ perceptions of value-for-money, on-board safety and cleanliness, interactions with personnel and the image and commitment to public transport that users feels. Furthermore, the results elucidate that the concept of loyalty is best defined based on users’ intentions to continue using the service, their willingness to recommend it to others, their overall satisfaction, but also and most importantly, their image of and involvement with public transport. Public transport users who have a positive image of the agency and consider public transport an integral component of city life are more likely to demonstrate loyalty and act like ambassadors for public transport agencies.     

因子分析在蒸馏常顶汽油样品PONA分析中的应用

用气相色谱以程序升温方式分析了蒸馏常顶汽油,并将各组分程序升温保留时间转移为恒温保留指数。以各组分在OV－1和SE－54固定相上、同一柱温下的保留指数差及在各柱上的湿度系数为三因素进行斜交因了分析,给出了蒸留常顶汽油样品的PONA值,经色谱－质谱仪分析验证了结果的正确性,为蒸馏常顶汽油样品的PONA分析提供了一种新方法。