Dynamic pricing for managed lanes with multiple entrances and exits

Priced managed lanes are increasingly being used to better utilize the existing capacity of the roadway to relieve congestion and offer reliable travel time to road users. In this paper, we investigate the optimization problem for pricing managed lanes with multiple entrances and exits which seeks to maximize the revenue and minimize the total system travel time (TSTT) over a finite horizon. We propose a lane choice model where travelers make online decisions at each diverge point considering all routes on a managed lane network. We formulate the problem as a deterministic Markov decision process and solve it using the value function approximation (VFA) method for different initializations. We compare the performance of the toll policies predicted by the VFA method against the myopic revenue policy which maximizes the revenue only at the current timestep and two heuristic policies based on the measured densities on the managed and general purpose lanes (GPLs). We test the results on four different test networks. The primary findings from our research suggest the usefulness of the VFA method for determining dynamic tolls. The best-found objective value from the method at its termination is better than other heuristics for all test networks with average improvements in the objective ranging between 10% and 90% for revenue maximization and 0–27% for TSTT minimization. Certain VFA initializations obtain best-found toll profiles within first 5–50 iterations which warrants computational time savings. Our findings also indicate that the revenue-maximizing optimal policies follow the “jam-and-harvest” behavior where the GPLs are pushed towards congestion in the earlier time steps to generate higher revenue in the later time steps, a characteristic not observed for the policies minimizing TSTT.     

信号控制平面交叉口通行能力与信号周期之间的关系

探讨了信号控制交叉口的通行能力与信号周期之间的关系,研究发现信号交叉口进口道的通行能力并不一定随信号周期之增加而增加;给出进口道通行能力与信号周期之间关系的判断准则,并运用该准则进一步分析整个交叉口的通行能力与信号周期的关系。     

Investigating preference heterogeneity in Value of Time (VOT) and Value of Reliability (VOR) estimation for managed lanes

This paper presents an empirical study in investigating user heterogeneity of Value of Time (VOT) and Value of Reliability (VOR). Combined Revealed Preference (RP) and Stated Preference (SP) data were used to understand traveler choice behavior regarding the usage of managed lanes (MLs). The data were obtained from the South Florida Expressway Stated Preference Survey, which focused on automobile drivers who had traveled on the I-75, I-95, or SR 826 corridors in South Florida. Mixed logit modeling was applied and indicated an average value of $13.55 per hour for VOT and $16.13 per hour for VOR. Potential sources of heterogeneity in user sensitivities to time, reliability, and cost were identified and quantified by adding interaction effects of the variables in the mixed logit model. The findings indicated that various socioeconomic demographic characteristics and trip attributes contributed to the variations in VOT and VOR at different magnitudes. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding on what attributes lead to higher or lower VOT and VOR and to what extent. These findings can be incorporated into the demand forecasting process and lead to better estimates and enhanced analytical capabilities in various applications, such as toll feasibility studies, pricing strategy and policy evaluations, and impact analysis.     

大城市合乘优先的规划方法研究

针对我国大城市及中心区的交通特征,分析合乘优先规划的影响因素;借鉴世界发达国家实施合乘优先的经验,提出合乘优先的规划内容;以上海市中心区为试点,依据规划方法与相关交通调查,提出了上海市中心区合乘优先规划建议。     

基于Toffoli门的可逆数值比较器的设计与优化

作为众多复杂量子电路的重要组成部件之一的可逆数值比较器还鲜有研究.首先基于Pauli-X门、CNOT门和Toffoli门设计了1位可逆数值比较器和级联模块.多位数值比较器可在1位比较电路的基础上添加级联模块扩展得到.尔后对4位可逆数值比较器进行了优化设计以便作为更多位数值比较电路的基本模块.优化的电路垃圾输出减少36％...     

Variation in the value of travel time savings and its impact on the benefits of managed lanes

This paper examines the variation in the value of travel time savings (VTTS) for travelers with a managed lane (ML) option when taking an ordinary trip versus a trip that is unusual in some way. VTTS estimates vary substantially depending on the urgency of the trip made. At the low end, the mean VTTS for a traveler who wants to make extra stops and still arrive on time is approximately 10% higher than that for an ordinary trip. At the high end, a traveler running late for an appointment shows a mean VTTS that is approximately 300% higher than that for an ordinary trip. These estimates vary widely over the population of travelers. In light of these variations, the value of an uncongested travel alternative (such as MLs) is examined and found to be greatly undervalued if using typical VTTS estimates.     

“潮汐式”可变航道方案研究与可行性分析

为提高航道整体通航效率,借鉴道路交通中的先进经验,提出“潮汐式”可变航道的概念.建立一种新型的双向航道分道通航模式,在高峰时段为重交通方向向左扩展航道,同时满足两侧通航需求.提出可变航道实施的方案,分析了可变航道实施的关键技术,即动态时间和动态空间的确定,并指出了这两个参数的进一步研究方向.以长江口深水航道为例,通过两种不同的设计船型对可变航道实施的可行性进行了验证.结果表明,可变航道具有广阔的研究和应用前景.初步研究了可变航道的实施和管理方案,为可变航道未来的实施发展奠定了基础.     

组团城市快速通道体系研究——以太仓市为例

基于长三角一体化发展背景,以太仓市为例,研究组团城市快速通道分布体系。研究显示与单中心城市相比,“组团式”城市的交通出行特征有显著差异性,主要以组团联系和组团内部交通为主,大流量廊道基本沿着组团OD走向,但又存在中间大量的郊区段并伴随一定的潮汐交通现象。研究表明:组团城市建设快速路是完全可行的,快速路的选线上要兼顾组团联系为主,形态上以服务大客运OD为主。另外快速路的末端可采用快捷路（或主干路）衔接,延伸快速路敷设范围,近期保证设施效益的最大化,远期也可快捷路快速化改造,实现城市快速路网络化布局的可能。     

The evaluation of high occupancy vehicle lanes on sun yat‐sen freeway in Taiwan

This study proposes a methodological framework to incorporate latent factors, including direct and indirect perceptions, as the explanatory variables in a discrete choice models using revealed preference and stated preference data sets. The methodology requires the estimation of a model system comprising of a discrete choice model and the structural and measurement equations of a latent variable model. The application involves the evaluation of responses to the new high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes on the Sun Yat‐Sen Freeway in Taiwan. The results obtained from this study provide valuable insights into the planning and assessment of HOV lanes.     

中国四车道及以上超大断面公路隧道修建技术的发展

伴随经济的迅猛发展,对公路交通提出了更高的通行要求,新建、扩建的四车道及以上超大断面公路隧道频频出现,但却几乎没有学者对此方面的研究做出系统的归纳总结,诸多研究在类比引用时忽略工程案例更为细致的类别而存在些许不合理。基于此,通过广泛深入的调研,依据成因和特征将四车道及以上超大断面公路隧道分成3类:常规新建四车道公路隧道、原位扩建四车道公路隧道和分岔四车道及以上公路隧道;在此基础上,归纳总结分析了四车道及以上超大断面公路隧道断面形状、施工工法、施工力学和支护参数等的技术现状以及研究中存在的不足。在断面形状的研究上,实际工程采用的扁平率波动范围较大,并且大于目前理论研究得到的扁平率和国外大部分隧道采用的扁平率,更为合理的扁平率需要深入研究;在施工工法的研究上,有逐渐减少开挖分部,扩大施工空间,增强机械化施工的趋势,与之配套的自动化程度更高的施工机械急需研发;在施工力学的研究上,对围岩的荷载释放和渐进性破坏过程有了更加深入的认识,但是对深埋段围岩压力的计算方法仍没有统一的有说服力的计算理论;在支护参数的研究上,不同的工程呈现较大的差异,需对超大扁平隧道的支护参数进一步研究和优化,为完善相应的指南或规范奠定理论基础。最后对四车道及以上超大断面公路隧道的建造技术进行了展望,指出设计标准化、施工机械化、结构轻型化等是今后重点研究的内容。