The dynamic study of locomotives under saturated adhesion

In order to study the dynamic behaviours of locomotives under saturated adhesion, the stability and characteristics of stick–slip vibration are analysed using the concepts of mean and dynamic slip rates. The longitudinal vibration phenomenon of the wheelset when stick–slip occurs is put forward and its formation mechanism is made clear innovatively. The stick–slip vibration is a dynamic process between the stick and the slip states. The decreasing of mean and dynamic slip rates is conducive to its stability, which depends on the W/R adhesion damping. The torsion vibration of the driving system and the longitudinal vibration of the wheelset are coupled through the longitudinal tangential force when the wheelset alternates between the stick and the slip states. The longitudinal oscillation frequencies of the wheelset are integral multiples of the natural frequency of torsion vibration of the driving system. A train dynamic model integrated with an electromechanical and a control system is established to simulate the stick–slip vibration phenomenon under saturated adhesion to verify the theoretical analysis. The results show that increases of the longitudinal axle guidance stiffness and the motor suspension stiffness are beneficial to the stick–slip vibration stability and the locomotive's traction ability. The optimised matching of the longitudinal axle guidance stiffness and the motor suspension stiffness are helpful to avoid longitudinal resonance when the stick–slip vibration occurs.     

Design of a feedback-feedforward steering controller for accurate path tracking and stability at the limits of handling

This paper presents a feedback-feedforward steering controller that simultaneously maintains vehicle stability at the limits of handling while minimising lateral path tracking deviation. The design begins by considering the performance of a baseline controller with a lookahead feedback scheme and a feedforward algorithm based on a nonlinear vehicle handling diagram. While this initial design exhibits desirable stability properties at the limits of handling, the steady-state path deviation increases significantly at highway speeds. Results from both linear and nonlinear analyses indicate that lateral path tracking deviations are minimised when vehicle sideslip is held tangent to the desired path at all times. Analytical results show that directly incorporating this sideslip tangency condition into the steering feedback dramatically improves lateral path tracking, but at the expense of poor closed-loop stability margins. However, incorporating the desired sideslip behaviour into the feedforward loop creates a robust steering controller capable of accurate path tracking and oversteer correction at the physical limits of tyre friction. Experimental data collected from an Audi TTS test vehicle driving at the handling limits on a full length race circuit demonstrates the improved performance of the final controller design.     

Policy challenges of increasing automation in driving

The convergence of information and communication technologies (ICT) with automotive technologies has already resulted in automation features in road vehicles and this trend is expected to continue in the future owing to consumer demand, dropping costs of components, and improved reliability. While the automation features that have taken place so far are mainly in the form of information and driver warning technologies (classified as level I pre-2010), future developments in the medium term (level II 2010–2025) are expected to exhibit connected cognitive vehicle features and encompass increasing degree of automation in the form of advanced driver assistance systems. Although autonomous vehicles have been developed for research purposes and are being tested in controlled driving missions, the autonomous driving case is only a long term (level III 2025 +) scenario. This paper contributes knowledge on technological forecasts regarding automation, policy challenges for each level of technology development and application context, and the essential instrument of cost-effectiveness for policy analysis which enables policy decisions on the automation systems to be assessed in a consistent and balanced manner. The cost of a system per vehicle is viewed against its effectiveness in meeting policy objectives of improving safety, efficiency, mobility, convenience and reducing environmental effects. Example applications are provided that illustrate the contribution of the methodology in providing information for supporting policy decisions. Given the uncertainties in system costs as well as effectiveness, the tool for assessing policies for future generation features probabilistic and utility-theoretic analysis capability. The policy issues defined and the assessment framework enable the resolution of policy challenges while allowing worthy innovative automation in driving to enhance future road transportation.     

华北高速公路交通事故的日迹变化与气象要素的关联分析

通过整理华北高速公路3年(2007年3月～2010年2月)逐时的交通事故资料,并与同步气象要素资料进行日迹变化分析,可以看到平均交通事故的日迹变化呈双峰型分布特征。由此,按交通事故双峰型的时间段(5:00～12:00和13:00～次日4:00),分别以年度、春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的平均交通事故与同步气象要素的日迹变化进行相关分析,其中平均气温、平均风速和平均相对湿度与交通事故的相关程度都通过了相应的统计学检验(R>Rα=0.05和F>Fα=0.05),而且在夏季5:00～12:00的交通事故高峰过程中,交通事故与风速呈指数相关的系数高达0.992 3,相当于平均风速每减小1m.s-1,交通事故的增加幅度为0.28次。为将自动气象监测的信息更好地服务于高速公路的交通安全,设计出了高速公路交通事故的气象风险等级指标。由此可见,华北高速公路交通事故的日迹变化与气象要素的分析成果,可为高速公路交通安全提供客观的科学依据。     

黄冈公铁两用长江大桥施工质量技术风险分析及控制

黄冈公铁两用长江大桥技术含量高、施工难度大,在施工过程中,技术风险突出.为控制该桥的施工风险,保障施工安全,从施工过程仿真计算、钢桁梁及斜拉索的制造及施工技术方案3个方面分析该桥施工质量技术风险.根据风险分析,论述了技术风险控制手段、特点,有针对性地提出大桥施工期间技术风险控制策略及具体方法.结果表明,该桥在施工过程中的技术风险能够得到有效控制.     

工程机械融资租赁的风险控制

为了更好地控制工程机械融资租赁的风险,针对工程机械融资租赁这一特殊行业的特点,通过工作总结和文献研究,对融资租赁中的风险加以分析、评价,提出了相应的风险控制方法,对工程机械融资租赁的风险控制具有指导意义.     

行车荷载对软土路基沉降的影响机理分析

工程实践和理论研究表明,高速公路软基的工后沉降主要来自于路面施工后的瞬时沉降、未完成的主固结沉降和次固结沉降。根据软基处理工程中固结变形特性,对软土地基沉降量与荷载的关系进行详细探讨,给出高速公路工前和工后荷载对软基沉降的计算式,并着重分析软基沉降预估计算误差产生的原因,得出工后主固结沉降阶段的行车荷载对沉降影响较大的结论。     

考虑不确定性因素的路径优化(英文)

A route optimization methodology in the frame of an onboard decision support/guidance system for the ship’s master has been developed and is presented in this paper.The method aims at the minimization of the fuel voyage cost and the risks related to the ship’s seakeeping performance expected to be within acceptable limits of voyage duration.Parts of this methodology were implemented by interfacing alternative probability assessment methods,such as Monte Carlo,first order reliability method(FORM) and second order reliability method(SORM),and a 3-D seakeeping code,including a software tool for the calculation of the added resistance in waves of NTUA-SDL.The entire system was integrated within the probabilistic analysis software PROBAN.Two of the main modules for the calculation of added resistance and the probabilistic assessment for the considered seakeeping hazards with respect to exceedance levels of predefined threshold values are herein elaborated and validation studies proved their efficiency in view of their implementation into an on-board optimization system.     

“南海发现号”FPSO的雷击风险评估

采用雷击风险评估的基本原则和方法,通过分析雷暴活动资料和雷击油轮时的破坏途径和机理,结合油船的特殊性找出"南海发现号"FPSO存在的雷击风险种类和各种风险分量,为实施防雷改造提供科学依据。     

基于AHP的模糊综合评判对上海内河水域船舶航行安全的风险评估

针对目前上海内河水域的水上交通安全状况,从系统工程角度,分别从人为因素、硬件装备、软件条件和外部环境四个方面,利用层次分析法(AHP法)建立起评估模型。并运用基于AHP法的模糊综合评判原理对上海内河水域船舶航行安全风险进行了综合评估,得到了比较科学的评估结论。以此为地方海事部门制定科学合理的发展战略提供重要依据和决策支持,并制订和完善船舶航行安全的对策和措施,最大程度地减少船舶航行事故的发生。