Vulnerability analysis for large-scale and congested road networks with demand uncertainty

To assess the vulnerability of congested road networks, the commonly used full network scan approach is to evaluate all possible scenarios of link closure using a form of traffic assignment. This approach can be computationally burdensome and may not be viable for identifying the most critical links in large-scale networks. In this study, an “impact area” vulnerability analysis approach is proposed to evaluate the consequences of a link closure within its impact area instead of the whole network. The proposed approach can significantly reduce the search space for determining the most critical links in large-scale networks. In addition, a new vulnerability index is introduced to examine properly the consequences of a link closure. The effects of demand uncertainty and heterogeneous travellers’ risk-taking behaviour are explicitly considered. Numerical results for two different road networks show that in practice the proposed approach is more efficient than traditional full scan approach for identifying the same set of critical links. Numerical results also demonstrate that both stochastic demand and travellers’ risk-taking behaviour have significant impacts on network vulnerability analysis, especially under high network congestion and large demand variations. Ignoring their impacts can underestimate the consequences of link closures and misidentify the most critical links.     

固结黏土地层盾构直接破除排水板关键技术研究

宁波地铁5号线1期下穿高速公路路基时存在68°斜交长40 m的含塑料排水板的固结黏土地层,为研究盾构直接通过可行性、刀具选型、施工参数优化等问题,利用TBM掘进模态综合试验平台,进行了不同类型刀具、不同掘进参数的固结黏土地层排水板破除试验。研究表明： 对于含排水板的固结黏土地层,在合理选择刀具、盾构参数并优化掘进参数情况下,盾构法施工直接破除基本可行,试验为宁波地铁工程建设提供了依据,也可为类似工程设计及施工提供参考。     

In search of surrogate safety indicators for vulnerable road users: a review of surrogate safety indicators

Surrogate indicators are meant to be alternatives or complements of safety analyses based on accident records. These indicators are used to study critical traffic events that occur more frequently, making such incidents easier to analyse. This article provides an overview of existing surrogate indicators and specifically focuses on their merit for the analyses of vulnerable road users and the extent to which they have been validated by previous research. Each indicator is evaluated based on its ability to consider the collision risk, which can be further divided into the initial conditions of an event, the magnitude of any evasive action and the injury risk in any traffic event. The results show that various indicators and their combinations can reflect different aspects of any traffic event. However, no existing indicator seems to capture all aspects. Various studies have also focused on the validity of different indicators. However, due to the use of diverse approaches to validation, the large difference in how many locations were investigated and variations in the duration of observation at each location, it is difficult to compare and discuss the validity of the different surrogate safety indicators. Since no current indicator can properly reflect all the important aspects underlined in this article, the authors suggest that the choice of a suitable indicator in future surrogate safety studies should be made with considerations of the context-dependent suitability of the respective indicator.     

Emission rates of intermodal rail/road and road-only transportation in Europe: A comprehensive simulation study

Intermodal rail/road transportation combines advantages of both modes of transport and is often seen as an effective approach for reducing the environmental impact of freight transportation. This is because it is often expected that rail transportation emits less greenhouse gases than road transportation. However, the actual emissions of both modes of transport depend on various factors like vehicle type, traction type, fuel emission factors, payload utilization, slope profile or traffic conditions. Still, comprehensive experimental results for estimating emission rates from heavy and voluminous goods in large-scale transportation systems are hardly available so far. This study describes an intermodal rail/road network model that covers the majority of European countries. Using this network model, we estimate emission rates with a mesoscopic model within and between the considered countries by conducting a large-scale simulation of road-only transports and intermodal transports. We show that there are high variations of emission rates for both road-only transportation and intermodal rail/road transportation over the different transport relations in Europe. We found that intermodal routing is more eco-friendly than road-only routing for more than 90% of the simulated shipments. Again, this value varies strongly among country pairs.     

Tradable credits for managing car travel: a review of empirical research and relevant behavioural approaches

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in Tradable Credits (TC) as an alternative measure to manage the growth of personal car use. This paper summarises the results and methodologies of studies that have sought to anticipate the behavioural responses to several proposed TC schemes that target personal travel. In a critical reflection on this work and in an attempt to inspire future research, we argue that future empirical studies on TC behaviours can greatly benefit from insights from the fields of behavioural economics and cognitive psychology. Therefore, in the second part of the paper, we bring together behavioural concepts from these fields that are relevant in a TC decision-making context. Based on observations from current TC studies and the behavioural mechanisms identified in the second part of the paper, we propose promising directions for future research on understanding the impact of TC on personal car travel.     

桥面防水粘结层性能试验分析

采用室内剪切试验和拉拔试验,分析桥面防水粘结层材料性能,认为层间抗剪强度及粘结强度受温度影响大,并且随着试验环境温度的升高而减小.现场拉拔试验研究了不同温度下4种粘结层材料与桥面板的粘结强度变化规律,其粘结强度同样随着试验环境温度的升高而减小.研究表明,剪切试验与拉拔试验结果能够综合评价高、低温情况下沥青混合料与粘结层的整体性能,还可以作为桥面粘结层是否满足抗剪要求的验证指标.     

辽宁省东部山区公路边沟设计降雨重现期的确定

本文分析了现行公路排水规范在设计降雨重现期方面规定的不足之处,结合辽宁省东部山区的实际降雨资料,经过计算和分析,得出了符合辽宁省东部山区公路自身特点的设计降雨重现期.     

八盘岭隧道新型防排水材料的应用

通过八盘岭隧道防排水系统与传统防排水系统的比较,介绍了新型排水材料在隧道中的应用,并分析了新型排水材料的社会和经济效益.     

乳化沥青冷再生基层施工工艺及质量控制

依托江西九景（九江-景德镇）高速公路旧沥青路面大修试验路工程,分析掺加水泥的乳化沥青冷再生机理,对乳化沥青厂拌冷再生基层施工技术及质量控制进行深入探讨,可为省内外高等级公路沥青混合料冷再生技术的利用提供理论和技术支撑。     

道路与环境景观融合设计

针对忻阜高速公路忻州至长城岭段沿线特殊的自然、人文环境特点,结合勘察设计典型示范工程道路与环境景观融合的设计理念,充分利用沿线的自然和人文景观元素,通过科学合理的规划设计,实现了高速公路的线型美、建筑美与自然环境和人文景观的有机结合。