城市不同空间通勤行为可转移性研究

通勤者因地域及个体特征差异造成选择行为显著不同,本文旨在识别这一差异并揭示城市不同空间通勤行为的可转移性.在分析上海市通勤出行行为影响因素基础上,建立融入OD(Origin and Destination)变量的全空间及分OD空间的通勤方式选择模型,依据转移度量指标研究通勤出行模型空间可转移性.结果表明:全空间模型不能准确揭示不同出行空间通勤行为差异,除全空间模型可转移至内环外—内环内出行空间外,其他空间模型均不可转移;此外,各空间通勤者更偏好常规公交、地铁,且不同出行空间通勤者偏好存在显著差异.     

心理因素影响的公交方式选择行为模型

为解决已有城市公交方式选择行为模型无法定量描述心理因素对选择行为的影响,分析了计划行为理论在公交方式选择行为的适用性.基于态度、主观规范及知觉行为控制3个心理因素变量决定公交方式出行行为意向的理论框架,构建公交方式选择行为结构方程模型.确定模型中心理因素变量对应的具体测量变量,并提出模型的求解方法和参数检验标准.最后,将模型运用于重庆和成都的实例分析中,共回收有效问卷790份.计算结果表明,3个心理因素变量对重庆和成都公交出行方式选择行为意向解释度分别为72%和66%,其中知觉行为控制因素的影响最大,且心理因素变量间存在着相互作用关系.     

城市轨道交通网络单程票卡调配模型

城市轨道交通单程票卡调配是票务组织中的重要组成部分.针对路网票务中心与线路票务中心间票卡调配问题,将其转化为载重能力约束条件下的车辆路径优化问题(Vehicle Routing Problem,VRP),构建以配送成本最小化为目标,以配送车辆路径为决策变量的优化模型,并采用遗传算法求解.以北京市轨道交通网络为对象进行实证分析,结果显示:所构建方法相比单次配送过程,成本平均降低约49.6%;相比既有装卸混合条件下的配送过程,成本降低约18.7%,验证了模型的准确性与有效性.所构建方法能够有效解决轨道交通路网层票卡调配问题,为票务组织提供理论和方法支持.     

城市停车选择行为研究综述

回顾近20 年停车选择行为的既有研究成果,从研究方法、影响因素两方面总结了国内外的 研究现状及存在的问题。指出既有研究方法多采用非集计模型建模,忽视了该模型“完全理性 人”假设的缺陷和不足;影响因素主要关注停车收费、停车便利性对停车选择行为的影响,针对 违章停车的惩罚因素缺乏深入的量化分析;在智能交通飞速发展的背景下,基于停车诱导信息系 统的停车选择影响因素研究依然停留在排队车辆总数、总行程时间等宏观因素,较少关注融入停 车者主观偏好的微观因素;研究区域多集中在中心商业区,而对于具有刚性停车需求且停车资源 匮乏的居住区的停车选择行为研究不足。最后提出了停车选择行为的研究趋势和方向,旨在为城 市静态交通的规划及管理提供新的思路和方法。     

港口流动机械润滑油的选用

根据机械公司多年的实践经验,阐述了机械润滑油的选油依据,分析了对不同性能和作业环境的流动机械所采取的选油方案,并展望了未来润滑油选用趋向。     

桥梁加固方案的层次分析优选法

桥梁加固技术是目前桥梁工程的新热点，选择科学的加固方案是保证工程效果和质量的重要前提。为了合理地确定桥梁加固的最佳方案，总结出技术可行、效果可靠、经济合理和施工方便等影响桥梁加固方案评价的因素，利用层次分析原理中多规则决策问题的基本思路，以桥梁加固最佳方案为基本目标，建立2级综合评价指标体系，应用层次分析方法分解评判指标体系，得出判断矩阵和评价矩阵，给出层次分析评价过程和加固方案优选的决策方法，并结合工程实例说明层次分析法在桥梁加固方案选择中的实用性和可行性。     

Structural equation approach to investigate trip-chaining and mode choice relationships in the context of developing countries

This paper investigates empirical relationships between trip chain type and mode class choice for developing countries. To formulate these two sets of decisions, four empirical models are developed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Those models are calibrated using one-month travel diary data collected in Dhaka city. SEM correlates the observed variables and identifies their relationship with trip-chaining type utility and mode class choice utility. The fitted models are selected based on statistical results and similarity with the real-life situation. Direct relationships between trip-chaining and mode choice utilities are found insignificant. However, several socio-demographic factors influence both simultaneously. Consequently, it is essential to consider mode class choice concurrently for modeling trip chains. This study also investigates the influencing factors for work-based and non-work-based trip chains separately and effects of road users’ heterogeneity. The research results can be utilized to perceive trip chain-mode choice patterns for developing countries.     

Effect of environmental awareness on electric bicycle users’ mode choices

Travellers’ environmental awareness can affect their mode choices. The primary objective of this study is to identify the effect of electric bicycle (e-bike) users’ environmental awareness on their mode choice when the use of e-bikes is prohibited in urban areas in China. The data were collected via a questionnaire survey administered at ten locations in Nanjing, China. Using mixed multinomial logit (MMNL) models, we examined the relationship between the e-bike users’ mode choice and their environmental awareness, combined with socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and trip attributes. The results show that the level of environmental awareness, gender, age, education, income, the ownership of car and conventional bike, and trip distance affect e-bike users’ choices significantly. Those with a high level of environmental awareness are more likely to choose zero-emission transport modes. A stratified analysis reveals that the effect of environmental awareness is associated with their original transport mode choice prior to their use of the e-bike. With a high level of environmental awareness, original car users tend to opt for moderate- or zero-emission modes; original bus and metro users incline to choose a zero-emission mode or their original mode; and few original cyclists and walkers favour moderate- or high-emission modes. The results of the current study provide transport authorities with insights to establish sustainable urban transportation management policies and strategies to increase the share of zero- and low-emission transport modes.     

Consumer intentions for alternative fuelled and autonomous vehicles: A segmentation analysis across six countries

Rapid advances in the development of autonomous and alternative-fuel vehicles (AFVs) are likely to transform the future of mobility and could bring benefits such as improved road safety and lower emissions. Achieving these potential benefits requires widespread consumer support for these disruptive technologies. To date, research to explore consumer perceptions of transport innovations has tended to consider them in isolation (e.g., driverless cars, electric vehicles). The current paper examines the predictors of consumer interest in and willing to pay for both AFVs and autonomous vehicles through a choice experiment conducted in six diverse markets: Germany, India, Japan, Sweden, UK and US. Using Latent Class Discrete Choice Models, we observe significant heterogeneity both within and across the country samples. For example, while Japanese consumers are generally willing to pay for autonomous vehicles, in most European countries, consumers need to be compensated for automation. Within countries, though, we found some segments – typically, those with a university degree, and self-identifying as having a pro-environmental identity and as being innovators– are more in favour of automation. Significantly, we also found that support for autonomous vehicles is associated with support for AFVs, perhaps, due to common demographic or socio-psychological predictors of both types of innovative technology. These findings are valuable for policymakers and the automotive industry in identifying potential early adopters, as well as consumer segments or cultures less convinced to adopt these innovative transport technologies.     

基于市民生活行为学的交通行为研究综述

对交通行为的研究应该打破传统研究方法，转向基于市民生活行为学(狭义：生活导向型方法论)的研究方法。市民生活行为学侧重于考量生活选择之间的相互依存关系，不仅主张交通行为是各种生活选择的结果，也主张生活选择受交通行为的影响。这些主张既有理论基础也有实证依据，因此，涉及市民生活的各种决策需要不同部门的沟通与合作，这种沟通与合作需要有共同语言。市民生活行为学既为跨部门交通规划与管理提供全新的理论，也是服务于跨部门城市与区域政策(公共政策)的全新理论。市民生活行为学作为跨学科的理论体系，有望成为支持跨部门决策的通用语言。本文首先介绍市民生活行为学及其在交通行为研究的应用。其次，针对生活方式、汽车依赖、家庭能源消耗、信息通信技术与生活、健康与生活选择、旅游行为、老年人出行、年轻人风险行为、自然灾害应对及生涯流动在内的10个与交通行为密不可分的热点话题，介绍了基于市民生活行为学的交通行为研究进展。最后，提出基于市民生活行为学的交通行为研究的挑战与展望。