Traffic generated by mixed-use developments—A follow-up 31-region study

This study aims to improve a previously-developed methodology for predicting the traffic impacts of mixed-use developments (MXDs). In 31 diverse metropolitan regions across the United States, we collected consistent regional household travel survey data and computed built environment characteristics—D variables—of MXDs. Multilevel modeling (MLM) was employed to predict the probability of trips captured internally within MXDs, walking on internal trips, and travel mode choice on external trips, by trip purpose. Larger, denser, mixed-use, and more walkable MXDs show a larger share of trips internally, compared with conventional suburban developments. Those MXDs with good access to transit, employment, and destinations also show higher levels of walking, biking, and transit shares on external trips, thus helping to reduce traffic impacts on the external road network. Perhaps the most impressive finding is that well-designed MXDs have walk shares of more than 50 percent on internal trips. A k-fold cross-validation supports the robustness of our analyses.     

Will autonomous vehicles change auto commuters’ value of travel time?

This paper examines the potential impact of autonomous vehicles on commuters’ value of travel time (VOTT). In particular, we focus on the effect on auto commuters in small and medium-sized metropolitan areas, concerning the spatial variability across urban areas, suburbs, and rural areas. We design a stated choice experiment to elicit potential changes in 1,881 auto commuters’ valuation of travel time in autonomous vehicles and apply a mixed logit model to quantify the changes in the value of travel time if taking autonomous vehicles. The results of this study suggest that the effect of autonomous vehicles on the VOTT is spatially differentiated. We find that riding in a private autonomous vehicle reduces the commuting VOTT of suburban, urban, and rural drivers by 32%, 24%, and 18%, respectively, compared to 14%, 13%, and 8% for riding in a shared autonomous vehicle. Finally, we discuss the implications of these lower values of time on transportation and land use planning.     

考虑居住区位的公共交通出行行为分析模型

为探讨不同层面居住区位对公共交通出行行为的影响，基于计划行为理论与群体动力理论，构建涵盖居住区位与心理影响因素共同作用的多水平结构方程模型.模型同时考虑个体层面与社区层面变量对出行选择的影响，利用Mplus软件标定模型参数.结果表明，不同层面变量对出行行为意向的影响存在差异.个体层面变量对行为意向的影响程度由大到小依次为：居住区位(0.665)、主观规范(0.664)、行为态度(0.577)、知觉行为控制(0.547).社区层面变量的影响程度为：行为态度(0.736)大于居住区位(0.646).     

A hyperpath-based network generalized extreme-value model for route choice under uncertainties

Previous route choice studies treated uncertainties as randomness; however, it is argued that other uncertainties exist beyond random effects. As a general modeling framework for route choice under uncertainties, this paper presents a model of route choice that incorporates hyperpath and network generalized extreme-value-based link choice models. Accounting for the travel time uncertainty, numerical studies of specified models within the proposed framework are conducted. The modeling framework may be helpful in various research contexts dealing with both randomness and other non-probabilistic uncertainties that cannot be exactly perceived.     

Information provision strategies eliminating deluded equilibrium caused by travellers’ misperception

Providing travel time information may be effective at reducing travel costs. However, this information does not always match the actual travel time that travellers will experience. Furthermore, the information is often asymmetrically provided within the network, owing to the limitations of observation devices, prediction model calibration, and uncertainty about road conditions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of predictive travel time information that is asymmetrically provided to travellers. This study formulated a dynamic traffic assignment model in origin–destination (OD) pair with two parallel routes, while considering travellers’ learning processes and within-day and day-to-day dynamics. In this study, it is assumed that different information will be provided to each traveller, according to within-day traffic dynamics. Furthermore, the information is provided for only one of two possible routes, because of observation limitations. The effects of information accuracy are also discussed in this study. The results of numerical analysis indicated that information provisions possibly reduced the negative effects of deluded equilibrium state, even when the information was only provided for one of the routes. Different effects of the travel time information and its variation were illustrated according to the allocation of the bottleneck capacities of two routes.     

Fleeing from Hurricane Irma: Empirical Analysis of Evacuation Behavior Using Discrete Choice Theory

This paper analyzes the observed decision-making behavior of a sample of individuals impacted by Hurricane Irma in 2017 (n = 645) by applying advanced methods based in discrete choice theory. Our first contribution is identifying population segments with distinct behavior by constructing a latent class choice model for the choice whether to evacuate or not. We find two latent segments distinguished by demographics and risk perception that tend to be either evacuation-keen or evacuation-reluctant and respond differently to mandatory evacuation orders.Evacuees subsequently face a multi-dimensional choice composed of concurrent decisions of their departure day, departure time of day, destination, shelter type, transportation mode, and route. While these concurrent decisions are often analyzed in isolation, our second contribution is the development of a portfolio choice model (PCM), which captures decision-dimensional dependency (if present) without requiring choices to be correlated or sequential. A PCM reframes the choice set as a bundle of concurrent decision dimensions, allowing for flexible and simple parameter estimation. Estimated models reveal subtle yet intuitive relations, creating new policy implications based on dimensional variables, secondary interactions, demographics, and risk-perception variables. For example, we find joint preferences for early-nighttime evacuations (i.e., evacuations more than three days before landfall and between 6:00 pm and 5:59 am) and early-highway evacuations (i.e., evacuations more than three days before landfall and on a route composed of at least 50% highways). These results indicate that transportation agencies should have the capabilities and resources to manage significant nighttime traffic along highways well before hurricane landfall.     

新冠疫情影响下居民共享出行方式选择行为研究

为分析新冠疫情对共享出行方式选择行为的影响，针对传统出行、网约车、合乘、汽车分时租赁及共享自行车的多方式交通系统设计SP(Stated Preference)问卷；对于疫情前和疫情期间的出行方式选择分别构建基于面板数据的混合Logit模型，比较解释变量的影响差异，分析感知疫情严重程度和方式选择惯性的联合影响；基于弹性分析预测疫情背景下不同管控政策对应的出行方式分担率。结果表明：感知疫情严重程度对合乘和分时租赁影响显著，方式选择惯性对网约车、分时租赁及共享自行车影响显著；当感知疫情严重程度降低至30%~50%时，1.6~3.0倍的停车费调整策略可将私家车分担率降低至疫情前，此时，低密接的分时租赁具有主要替代作用；当感知疫情严重程度在60%以上时，提高合乘出行安全程度至1.4~3.6倍可恢复其分担率。     

Modeling travel mode choice of young people with differentiated E-hailing ride services in Nanjing China

E-hailing ride service (ERS) has become increasingly popular globally and is changing the urban mobility landscape. There is insufficient research effort in understanding the impact of ERS on travel behavior, in particular among young people. This paper aims to start filling that research gap by first collecting mode choice preference data through a stated preference survey in City of Nanjing, China and then applying nested logit (NL) models and a series of post-estimation analysis to address a number of key research questions of mode choice behavior without and with ERS. Three ERS modes are considered in the Chinese context: DiDi Taxi (D-Taxi), DiDi Express (D-Express), and DiDi Premier (D-Premier), all provided by DiDi Chuxing, the dominant ERS service provider in China. The study finds that age makes little difference in mode choice preference when ERS is introduced between the two age groups considered (18–30 and 31–45). The study results also suggest that young travelers are naturally drawn to ERS for what it represents (a technology innovation) and its business (pricing) model. ERS appears to be a competitive alternative to the conventional modes especially when they are under performed. The study also finds that ERS will likely increase vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) considerably, which will lead to increase in on-road vehicular emissions, unless some mechanism to switch users to ridesharing is in place.     

液化天然气库存路径问题建模与算法

考虑液化天然气（LNG）的在途挥发、转移挥发与库存挥发对配送成本与风险的影响，根据LNG风险特性采用蒸汽爆炸模型量化库存和运输风险，并针对传统单因素风险评估方法的不足，结合多源数据（兴趣点密度、土地生产总值产出率和人口密度）构建多因素复合风险评估指标反映事故严重程度的空间异质性，建立库存路径问题双目标优化模型，实现多周期LNG库存和配送方案的联合优化。根据问题的特征，设计基于贪婪策略预优化并结合变邻域搜索（VNS）的多目标粒子群（MOPSO）混合优化算法，且通过标准测试函数对改进前后的MOPSO算法和非支配遗传算法（NSGA-Ⅱ）进行比较；与NSGA-Ⅱ相比，MOPSO在结合VNS前后分别具有32%和42%的收敛性优势，结合VNS混合优化相比原始MOPSO有15%的收敛性优势。最后，以广州地区LNG加气站供应体系进行案例分析。研究结果表明：库存与运输成本存在利益背反关系，且在短暂缺货时总成本较低；忽略挥发的影响会导致小批量频繁补货，从而增加不必要的运输成本；LNG挥发成本占总成本的10%~20%，库存挥发率对成本影响较大，但对风险影响很小，当库存挥发率低于2%时投资降低挥发率带来的经济效益较大，当超过2%时，投入产出比迅速降低；风险限值约束对路径选择和成本影响较大，20%风险限值的降低带来了10%总成本的提高，但20%风险限值的提高仅降低5%的总成本，说明总成本在逐步接近不考虑风险时的最低值，存在优化上限。     

Analysis of parking cruising behaviour and parking location choice

ABSTRACT

This paper explores car drivers’ cruising behaviour and location choice for curb parking in areas with insufficient parking space based on a survey of car drivers in Beijing, China. Preliminary analysis of the data show that car drivers’ cruising behaviour is closely related to their parking duration and parking location. A multinomial probit (MNP) model is used to analyse cruising behaviour and the results show that the closer to the destination car drivers are, the more likely they choose to park on the curb. The adjacent locations are the basis of car drivers’ sequential parking decisions at different locations. The research results provide a better understanding of cruising behaviour for parking and recommendations for reducing cruising for parking. The provision of parking information can help regulate the parking demand distribution.