论农村公路建设与养护

针对目前我国农村公路建设与养护的现状和存在的问题,指出农村公路建设和养护管理的意义,主要从建立建设和养护管理制度、加强建设和养护工作的资金管理两个方面提出了提高农村公路建设和养护管理水平的措施。     

农村水泥砼路面裂缝成因及预防研究综述

笔者在文中对农村水泥砼路面裂缝的成因及分类进行了综述,提出了一些关于农村水泥砼路面裂缝的预防措施.     

Part II: Policy instruments for sustainable road transport

Without questioning the fact that to achieve efficiency emitters should pay for the true costs of their actions (a core principle of economic policies such as pollution taxes), we find sufficient evidence in the literature to demonstrate that many other policy instruments can be used in combination with taxes and permits to ensure that the transport needs of the present generation can be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet any needs of their own.The policies and policy aspects considered in this paper broadly fall into three categories: physical policies, soft policies, and knowledge policies. All three aim to bring about changes in consumers’ and firms’ behaviour, but in different ways. The first category includes policies with a physical infrastructure element: public transport, land use, walking and cycling, road construction, and freight transport. We also consider the particular challenges for mobility in developing countries, and how these may be addressed. Soft policies, on the other hand, are non-tangible aiming to bring about behavioural change by informing actors about the consequences of their transport choices, and potentially persuading them to change their behaviour. These measures include car sharing and car pooling, teleworking and teleshopping, eco-driving, as well as general information and advertising campaigns. Finally, knowledge policies emphasise the important role of investment in research and development for a sustainable model of mobility for the future.The main findings can be summarised as follows.

Physical policies

An increase in the use of public transport, combined with a decrease in the use of private cars, can reduce traffic congestion and, more importantly, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, as public transport generally causes lower CO₂ emissions per passenger kilometre than private cars. Public transport fares are subsidised in most places, which can be justified by economies of scale and by the fact that public transport can reduce total road transport externalities. London, Singapore, Portland and Curitiba are all examples of good practice at government level, having achieved reliable, frequent and integrated public transport.Policies to increase public transport use must be part of an integrated policy. Integrated policy refers to integration across different modes of transport, different government objectives (such as the economy, health and the environment), considering the needs of different social groups, and coordinating action between the relevant government institutions. There is evidence that a lack of coordination can jeopardise the achievement of policy objectives.A sustainable model for transport policy also requires integration with land-use policies. These may be somewhat limited within the bounds of existing cities, but as cities grow and new cities are built, urban planners must put more emphasis on land use for sustainable transport in order to reduce congestion and CO₂ emissions. Sustainable land-use policy can direct urban development towards a form that allows public transport as well as walking and cycling to be at the core of urban mobility.Walking and cycling, which improve general health and produce no tailpipe emissions, constitute an excellent alternative to motorised transport on short-distance trips within towns and cities. The policies which can incentivise walking and cycling include crime reduction to make streets safer, well-maintained and clean pavements, attractive street furniture, safe crossings with shorter waiting times, dedicated cycle paths, showers in offices, and lower speed limits, to name but a few.Road construction and expansion used to be seen as one of the most promising ways to reduce traffic congestion. However, in the mid-1990s, the issue was reassessed and it was found that building and expanding roads, increased, rather than decreased, congestion, and ultimately induced higher levels of travel demand. The reason for this is that the extra capacity reduces the general cost of travelling and the less expensive the travel, the more it will be demanded. Regarding freight modal shift, road transport is much more polluting than rail per tonne-km of goods transported and therefore a shift towards greater use of rail in freight transport is desirable. Inadequate infrastructure is the main obstacle preventing this modal shift taking place.Developing countries face great mobility challenges: rural areas are often extremely poorly connected to transport infrastructure, such that, in contrast to the situation in developed countries, the benefits of road construction can strongly outweigh the total costs (including environmental ones). The main challenge, however, is to develop a solution to the problems arising from the combination of urbanisation and motorisation. Integration of transport and land-use policy will be key to rising to this challenge.

Soft policies

Car sharing and car clubs can also potentially reduce CO₂ emissions, although the aggregate reduction in congestion and emissions has not been measured with an adequate degree of precision in the literature. Teleworking and teleshopping can potentially reduce congestion and also CO₂ emissions. However, the evidence for this reduction is rather mixed, as it is unclear whether these measures lead to overall reductions in road transport.Eco-driving campaigns aim to inform and educate drivers in order to induce them to drive in a fuel-efficient and thus environmentally friendly way. There seems to be some consensus in the literature that eco-driving could lead to reductions in CO₂ emissions of around 10 per cent.Information and education policies have often been advocated as instruments which may affect behavioural change. We find in this paper that these types of measures are necessary, but not sufficient for behavioural change. Advertising and marketing may go a long way in changing peoples’ behaviour. In California, for example, Kahn (2007) finds the “Prius” effect: the Toyota Prius is preferred by consumers relative to other similarly green vehicles, probably due to extensive marketing and celebrity endorsements. Family life changes are also found to trigger changes in behaviour ( [Goodwin, 1989] and [106]). People whose lives are being changed by some important development (birth of a child, retirement, etc) tend to respond more to changes in the relative attractiveness of different transport modes. Advertising campaigns promoting a modal shift towards public transport, for instance, may thus be more successful if targeted at people in the process of important life transitions.

Knowledge policies

Research and Development is crucial for developing sustainable and low-carbon transport for the future, and it is essential that governments provide incentives to undertake R&D, so that new low-carbon technologies in the transport sector can be demonstrated and applied at a large scale.Finally, we consider the issue of policy combination and integration. There is evidence that the combination and integration of policies can lead to positive side-effects and synergies. Policy integration is crucial in order to rise to the challenges we face in moving towards a sustainable mobility model. We conclude that classical economic policies may be successfully combined with a number of policy measures discussed in this paper in order to achieve sustainability in transport.     

推动容县农村客运健康快速发展的对策思考

文章结合容县农村客运现状,分析了农村客运发展存在的问题与原因,提出了发展农村客运的对策与保障措施。     

农村公路的特征与界定方法研究

如何有效减少农村公路的交通事故,已成为人们普遍关注的问题之一.鉴于农村公路界定方法不成系统,缺乏综合性,通过总结农村公路的特征和三级公路存在的问题,提出界定农村公路的方法,以便在建设、维护和后期的运营阶段指导相关人员掌握农村公路的特性,以期减少农村公路交通事故的发生,提高农村公路的总体服务水平.     

中美两国公路的功能分类比较

介绍中美两国公路的发展概况．重点研究了中美两国所采用的公路功能分类法．并对其进行了比较。     

浅谈县乡公路养护的资金管理

对平房区县乡地方道路养护中资金使用及管理的几点做法进行了总结     

编辑部关于发表“国家中长期交通运输规划摘要”的决定

交通运榆事关国民经济发展和百姓生活的最基本需求与中国经济的成长一样,我国交通运输业也历经了从传统的计划经济向市场经济转型的过程。作为国民经济发展的基础,和其他行业相比,交通运输具有准公共特性。为真正将国家意志体现到交通运输能力供给中,遵循本届政府决策,建设项目“规划先行”的原则,国家发展和改革委员会会同铁道部、交通部等有关单位,按照全面建设小康社会宏伟目标的要求,以科学发展观为指导,在充分考虑我国土地、人口等资源分布的基拙上,将交通运输发展规划理论与交通发展实践相结合,组织编制了《中长期铁路网规划》、《高速公路网规划》《农村公路建设规划》、《长江三角洲、珠江三角洲、渤海湾三区域沿海港口建设规划(2004年—2010年)和《环渤海京津冀地区、长江三角洲地区、珠江三角洲地区城际轨道交通网规划》,现已完成并正式颁布实施。 上述5 项规划从不同层面反映了国家交通资源的空间布局与国家生产力布局的结合,国家综合交通体系发展方向和重点;体现了在市场经济条件下,如何结合中国的具体实际充分发挥各种运输方式的技术经济优势,做好运输资源的配置,并更加突出了效率与公平。对于加快我国铁路与高速公路的发展,促进综合交通网络的形成,加速区域现代综合运榆体系建设,全面增强运输普遥服务能力,提升综合交通的生产力水平和服务水平,都具有十分重要的指导作用。     

编辑部关于发表“国家中长期交通运输规划摘要”的决定——国家《中长期铁路网规划》内容简介

交通运输事关国民经济发展和百姓生活的最基本需求．与中国经济的成长一样，我国交通运输业也历经了从传统的计划经济向市场经济转型的过程．作为国民经济发展的基础，和其他行业相比，交通运输具有准公共特性．为真正将国家意志体现到交通运输能力供给中，遵循本届政府决策，建设项目“规划先行”的原则，国家发展和改革委员会会同铁道部、交通部等有关单位，按照全面建设小康社会宏伟目标的要求，以科学发展观为指导，在充分考虑我国土地、人口等资源分布的基础上，将交通运输发展规划理论与交通发展实践相结合，组织编制了《中长期铁路网规划》、《高速公路网规划》、《农村公路建设规划》、《长江三角洲、珠江三角洲、渤海湾三区域沿海港口建设规划（2004年-2010年）》和《环渤海京津冀地区、长江三角洲地区、珠江三角洲地区城际轨道交通网规划》，现已完成并正式颁布实施．上述5项规划从不同层面反映了国家交通资源的空间布局与国家生产力布局的结合，国家综合交通体系发展方向和重点；体现了在市场经济条件下，如何结合中国的具体实际充分发挥各种运输方式的技术经济优势，做好运输资源的配置，并更加突出了效率与公平．对于加快我国铁路与高速公路的发展，促进综合交通网络的形成，加速区域现代综合运输体系建设，全面增强运输普遍服务能力，提升综合交通的生产力水平和服务水平，都具有十分重要的指导作用．     

新型开普封层在农村公路路面养护中的应用研究

以上海农村公路实体工程建设为依托,针对新型开普封层进行配合比和结构层开发研究,分别对橡胶沥青纤维碎石封层和低噪音微表处进行了配合比、结构层材料开发和应用研究,提出了三层结构形式的新型开普封层。对新型开普封层的材料、配合比设计提出了推荐控制指标。对完成施工后的路面进行了路面服务性能检测,发现其在平整度、构造深度和渗水系数这三项路面服务性能得到很大程度的恢复。