Driver's braking behavior approaching pedestrian crossings: a parametric duration model of the speed reduction times

The driver's braking behavior while approaching zebra crossings under different safety measures (curb extensions, parking restrictions, and advance yield markings) and without treatment (baseline condition) was examined. The speed reduction time was the variable used to describe the driver's behavior. Forty‐two drivers drove a driving simulator on an urban scenario in which the baseline condition and the safety measures were implemented. The speed reduction time was modeled with a parametric duration model to compare the effects on driver's braking behavior of vehicle dynamic variables and different countermeasures. The parametric accelerated failure time duration model with a Weibull distribution identified that the vehicle dynamic variables and only the countermeasure curb extensions affected, in a statistically significant way, the driver's speed reduction time in response to a pedestrian crossing. This result shows that the driver, because of the improved visibility of the pedestrian allowed by the curb extensions, was able to receive a clear information and better to adapt his approaching speed to yield to the pedestrian, avoiding abrupt maneuvers. This also means a reduction of likelihood of rear‐end collision due to less aggressive braking. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑应力路径基坑变形计算及支护性能研究

基于半无限大弹性空间在条形荷载作用下应力的Melan解,首先根据基坑开挖过程应力状态的变化,建立基坑开挖问题的平面力学分析模型。利用Duncan-Chang曲线模型中的参数计算方法,推导加载和卸载模量公式,进而结合平面应变问题的物理方程和几何方程,建立平面应变问题的本构方程,得到基坑开挖后土体位移计算方法。然后建立土压力与支护结构位移的正弦和幂函数关系曲线,提出土压力计算方法。最后将理论成果应用于工程实践,将土体位移和土压力的理论值与实测数据进行对比分析。研究结果表明:该计算模型得到的基坑变形位移与实测结果吻合较好,验证了土压力与位移计算方法的合理性,同时由监测数据得到锚索预应力随时间的三阶段变化趋势,以及深层水平位移和坡顶竖向位移的匙形分布特点。     

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通过对事故致因因素的分析，引入并修正了轨迹交叉论事故触发模型在公交系统中的表现形式，并针对公交系统的资源特点对人因差错、物因缺陷事故运动轨迹的形成进行了深刻的分析.根据对公交系统主要事故致因因素的分析，特别着重于对驾驶员的不安全行为进行研究，阐明驾驶员的不安全行为在事故致因中的复杂性和控制的重要性.通过对反轨迹交叉的事故干扰研究，得出了适合公交系统的反事故措施模式，并结合管理学中冲突的解决原理提出反交叉式干扰事故模式，希望导入安全行为可以降低人因差错、物因缺陷轨迹交叉的概率，进而根据公交系统的运行特点，提出几点有实际意义的控制人因的反事故交又干扰方法，以供实践借鉴.     

汽车驱动轮的防滑转控制

汽车驱动防滑控制系统是一种新型的主动安全控制系统,是继防抱死制动系统之后应用于车轮防滑的电子控制系统,文章较详细地介绍了驱动防滑控制系统的基本原理和控制方法。     

nm23 mRNA、CD44s和CD44v6在胃腺癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的　探讨nm2 3mRNA、CD4 4s和CD4 4v6在胃腺癌组织中的表达及其与胃腺癌病理学分级、浸润程度和转移之间的相关性。方法　应用免疫组织化学和mRNA原位杂交方法检测了 6 2例胃组织标本中nm2 3mRNA、CD4 4s和CD4 4v6的表达情况。结果　nm2 3mRNA在胃正常组织和癌组织中的表达无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,且与胃腺癌浸润和病理学分级无相关性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但与胃腺癌淋巴结转移呈明显负相关 (r =- 4 .93)。CD4 4s在胃腺癌与胃正常组织中的阳性表达率分别为 4 8% (19 4 0 )和 13.6 % (3 2 2 ) ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。CD4 4v6只在胃腺癌中表达 ,阳性率为 6 3.3% (2 5 4 0 ) ,同时CD4 4v6表达与胃腺癌分化程度、淋巴结转移及其浸润程度呈明显正相关 (r =5 .0 4 )。结论　CD4 4v6高表达和nm2 3mRNA低表达患者淋巴结转移率高。联合检测CD4 4v6和nm2 3mRNA能更准确地判断胃腺癌的转移状态。CD4 4v6过量表达与胃腺癌的分化程度及浸润相关。     

重载铁路路基陷穴病害综合评价模型研究

针对当前既有重载铁路路基陷穴病害评价方法不足的问题,建立基于坍塌填塞法、坍塌平衡法、稳定系数法、普氏理论法的路基陷穴病害综合分析模型。通过工程算例对比分析各类方法的特点和适用条件,讨论各类方法的相容性和互斥性。研究结果表明:综合评价模型能够较好地避免单一方法的局限,获得客观、科学的评价结论。     

钢-混凝土曲线组合梁弯扭性能的试验研究

以跨径比(计算跨度与曲线半径的比值)和横隔板数目为参数,对6片钢-混凝土简支曲线组合梁进行了试验研究,得到了曲线组合梁跨中集中荷载作用下的荷载-变形曲线、应变分布和钢梁与混凝土板间的相对滑移规律。试验结果表明:曲线组合梁的抗弯刚度和抗扭刚度均随跨径比的增大而降低,横隔板数目对其受弯性能影响不大,但端横隔板对受扭性能影响较大;有横隔板处切向应变在曲线内侧小,外侧大,无横隔板处则相反;钢梁与混凝土板结合面上的切向滑移随跨径比的增大而增大,横隔板数目对其影响较小。     

液态粉煤灰在桥涵台背回填施工中的应用

实践证明,随着高速公路的快速发展,采用液态粉煤灰处理桥涵台背的施工技术会得到更广泛的应用,并能很好地解决因台背压实不足引起的桥头跳车这一质量通病。     

An analysis of children’s leisure activity engagement: examining the day of week, location, physical activity level, and fixity dimensions

This paper presents a detailed analysis of discretionary leisure activity engagement by children. Children’s leisure activity engagement is of much interest to transportation professionals from an activity-based travel demand modeling perspective, to child development professionals from a sociological perspective, and to health professionals from an active lifestyle perspective that can help prevent obesity and other medical ailments from an early age. Using data from the 2002 Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this paper presents a detailed analysis of children’s discretionary activity engagement by day of week (weekend versus weekday), location (in-home versus out-of-home), type of activity (physically active versus passive), and nature of activity (structured versus unstructured). A mixed multiple discrete-continuous extreme value model formulation is adopted to account for the fact that children may participate in multiple activities and allocate positive time duration to each of the activities chosen. It is found that children participate at the highest rate and for the longest duration in passive unstructured leisure activities inside the home. Children in households with parents who are employed, higher income, or higher education were found to participate in structured outdoor activities at higher rates. The child activity modeling framework and methodology presented in this paper lends itself for incorporation into larger activity-based travel model systems where it is imperative that children’s activity-travel patterns be explicitly modeled—both from a child health and well-being policy perspective and from a travel forecasting perspective.

Modelling the capacity of closely-spaced parallel runways using innovative approach procedures

This paper develops analytical models for calculating the ultimate arrival, departure, and mixed operation capacity of closely-spaced parallel runways. Each capacity is defined as the maximum number of corresponding aircraft operations accommodated during a given period of time (usually one or a quarter of an hour) under constant (i.e. sustained) demand for service. As combined, they enable the capacity coverage curve to be synthesized. In particular, the capacity model for arrivals assumes the use of two rather innovative approach procedures – the Staggered Approach Procedure (SGAP) and the Steeper Approach Procedure (SEAP) in combination with the baseline Conventional Approach Procedure (CNAP) under Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) and Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR).The model for arrival capacity that aims to estimate potential of these procedures uses main inputs such as: the geometry of given parallel runways and innovative SGAP and SEAP, and baseline CNAP; the Air Traffic Control (ATC) minimum separation rules; aircraft fleet mix characterized by the wake-vortex categories; capability of using different ILS Glide (GS) angles; final approach speeds; and the arrival runway occupancy time. In addition, the model for departure capacity uses inputs that embrace: the ATC separation rules between successive departures; aircraft fleet mix; and corresponding runway occupancy times. Finally, the model for mixed operation capacity uses inputs such as: the ATC arrival–departure separation rules; corresponding runway occupancy times; aircraft fleet mix for each type of operations; and proportion of the arrival and departure demand.The models are applied to calculating the ultimate capacity of closely-spaced parallel runways at two large airports, one in Europe and other in the US, assuming safe use of innovative SGAP and SEAP in combination with CNAP under IMC. The output from the models consists of the corresponding capacities and their variations depending on particular inputs.