冰雪条件下中国驾驶员跟驰行为及模型研究

分析驾驶员在冰雪条件下的驾驶行为特性，建立考虑驾驶员行为特性的跟驰模型，有助于丰富现有交通流理论.通过招募驾驶员开展实车跟驰试验，对比分析正常条件与冰雪条件下的驾驶行为差异.进而基于任务难度均衡理论构建包含人类因素参数的任务难度模块，引入改进后的智能驾驶员模型，并采用车辆轨迹数据对模型进行标定和有效性验证.研究表明：驾驶员在跟驰行驶过程中受外界刺激及自身驾驶能力影响时会对车辆行驶状态进行动态调整，试图保持期望间距，且速度与前车一致的状态；冰雪条件下驾驶员采取风险补偿行为，其车头时距波动幅度较正常条件收窄，模型引入人类因素参数可以较好地描述其差异性. 模型有效性验证表明，新模型在6个仿真场景中的表现都优于传统智能驾驶员模型，且表现出更好的鲁棒性.研究结果可为冰雪条件下的交通管理措施制定提供理论支持.     

Short-term statistics of ice loads on ship bow frames in floe ice fields: Full-scale measurements in the Antarctic ocean

Ship operation and ice loading in floe ice fields have received considerable interest during recent years. There have been several numerical simulators developed by different institutes which can simulate ship navigation through floe ice fields and estimate ship performance and local ice loads. However, public data obtained from full-scale measurement covering comprehensively ship performance and ice loads under various ice thicknesses, concentrations and floe sizes are rare. The 2018/19 Antarctic voyage of the Polar Supply and Research Vessel (PSRV) S.A. Agulhas II gathered considerable data of the ship in floe ice fields under various thicknesses, concentrations, and floe sizes. The aim of this paper is to carry out statistical analysis to seek suitable probability distributions which adequately fit the measured ice load and therefore suitable to be used as parent distributions for long-term estimation. For this aim, three categories of probability distributions, namely standard distributions, truncated distributions and mixture distributions are tested. It is found that truncated distributions can fit the load data better than standard distributions bounded at the threshold. In addition, mixture distributions are shown to have promising features, which fit the data well and are able to separate distribution components. Subsequentially, the well-performed distributions are used as parent distributions to make long-term load estimations. The estimation results demonstrate that long-term estimations are sensitive to the selection of parent distribution, which addresses the importance of finding correct distribution to model short-term ice loads. The data of ten selected cases will be published for the use of other researchers.     

某城市地铁车站采用冰蓄冷系统分析

以某城市地铁地下站为例,从水系统的流程、与用户的连接方式、系统配置等方面分析了车站采用冰蓄冷的方案。采用该地下站的冷负荷数据,对车站冰蓄冷系统和常规制冷系统方案进行了技术经济比较,得到结论:由于该城市峰谷电价差超过3.5倍,采用冰蓄冷是可行的,但优势不突出。冰蓄冷方式利用电价差达到总费用最小,省钱但不省电。     

哈齐客运专线四线铁路桥墩设计

以哈尔滨至齐齐哈尔客运专线松花江特大桥主桥桥墩为例,详细论述四线铁路桥墩的设计思路与设计方法,给出四线铁路桥墩设计时应重点关注的荷载组合工况;通过对冰压力荷载的分析,提出高纬度严寒地区桥墩的设计建议,对相同类型的工程具有一定的参考和借鉴意义。     

船冰碰撞载荷下船舶结构加强方案研究

为了探究水介质对船—冰碰撞结构响应的影响,文章首次对考虑水介质中的船—冰碰撞问题进行了研究。模拟了船舶与冰体在水介质中的碰撞场景,研究船—水—冰三者共同耦合作用对船—冰碰撞的影响。将该计算方法应用于船—冰碰撞的多种工况计算,对比分析了增加外板厚度、横隔板厚度以及肋骨间距等多种加强方案对船体结构响应的差异。揭示了碰撞区域的损伤变形、碰撞力、结构吸能随外板厚度、横隔板厚度和肋骨间距的变化而变化的规律,分析了船舶肩部各主要构件对于抵抗冰载荷作用的能力及贡献。所得结论对于进行冰区船舶结构设计具有参考作用。     

Transport of radionuclides by sea-ice and dense-water formed in western Kara Sea flaw leads

A transport assessment of particle-bound and dissolved artificial radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu) by sea-ice and dense-water formed in western Kara Sea flaw leads close to the Novaya Zemlya dumping sites is presented in this study. We both performed a “best estimate” based on available data, and a “maximum assessment” relying on simulated constant releases of 1 TBq ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu from individual dumping bays. The estimates are based on a combination of (i) the content of particulate matter in sea-ice; (ii) analytical data and numerical simulations of radionuclide concentrations in shelf surface deposits, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and the dissolved phase; and (iii) estimates of lead-ice and dense-water formation rates as well as modeling results of local ice drift pathways. In the “best estimate” case, 2.90 GBq ¹³⁷Cs and 0.51 GBq ^239,240Pu attached to sea-ice sediments can be exported from the lead areas toward the central Arctic basin. The radionuclide burden of the annually formed dense lead water in the “best estimate” amounts to 4.68 TBq ¹³⁷Cs and 0.014 TBq ^239,240Pu. In the “maximum assessment”, potential export-rates of ice-particle bound ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu toward the central Arctic would amount to 0.64 and 0.16 TBq, respectively. As much as ≈900 TBq ¹³⁷Cs and ≈6.75 TBq ^239,240Pu could be annually taken up by 34.75 dense-water rejected in the lead area. Assuming the (unlikely) instantaneous release of the total ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu inventories (≈1 PBq and 10 TBq, respectively) from the Novaya Zemlya dumping sites into the dissolved phase, the dense lead water locally formed during one winter season could take up ≈90% of the Cs and ≈68% of the Pu released.     

冰雪条件下的交通流元胞自动机模型

利用元胞自动机,建立了冰雪条件下城市道路单车道和双车道交通流微观模型.针对冰雪条件下驾驶员出于安全考虑降低车速、保持较大车间距的现象,细化了元胞尺寸,引入反映不同冰雪条件的速度因子参数和间距因子参数.通过数值模拟,得出了正常天气和冰雪天气下的车辆速度、密度、流量间的关系曲线,并分析了不同冰雪条件对交通流的影响.研究发现,中雪条件下的车速波动程度及范围最大;基本图显示冰雪条件对于临界密度、最大流量等参数影响较大;冰雪条件下的亚稳回滞现象不明显,未出现换道频率局部最大值.     

冰蓄冷空调系统在地铁车站应用的可行性分析

根据地铁车站的特点,通过全面的技术经济分析,认为在地铁中采用大温差供水和低温送风的冰蓄冷空调是可行的,可以节省初期投资和运行电费。     

滨州黄河公路大桥混凝土加冰冷却工艺

介绍了滨州黄河公路大桥,为满足设计对混凝土入模温度的要求,采取的加冰冷却工艺,也同时介绍了施工中采取的其他辅助措施。     

凝冰状态下粗糙路面抗滑效果分析

路面抗滑性能对行车安全非常重要,除了在一般情况下具有良好的抗滑性能之外,冬季多雨结冰的路面也要具备良好的抗滑性能。通过对粗糙路面不同的构造深度进行破冰效果的对比试验,发现很多宏观构造的路面能弥补薄冰对路表构造深度的损失,且在行车碾压时,水平力的作用使结冰层很快被磨耗掉,增加了制动效果,达到凝冰路面抗滑的目的。