A competing Markov model for cracking prediction on civil structures

Cracks on the surface of civil structures (e.g. pavement sections, concrete structures) progress in several formations and under different deterioration mechanisms. In monitoring practice, it is often that cracking type with its worst damage level is selected as a representative condition state, while other cracking types and their damage levels are neglected in records, remaining as hidden information. Therefore, the practice in monitoring has a potential to conceal with a bias selection process, which possibly result in not optimal intervention strategies. In overcoming these problems, our paper presents a non-homogeneous Markov hazard model, with competing hazard rates. Cracking condition states are classified in three types (longitudinal crack, horizontal crack, and alligator crack), with three respective damage levels. The dynamic selection of cracking condition states are undergone a competing process of cracking types and damage levels. We apply a numerical solution using Bayesian estimation and Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to solve the problem of high-order integration of complete likelihood function. An empirical study on a data-set of Japanese pavement system is presented to demonstrate the applicability and contribution of the model.     

机场道面钻芯劈裂强度的尺寸效应系数

通过对比相同配合比下的室内标准模制圆柱体混凝土试样与现场试验板钻芯标准芯样之间的劈裂强度,探讨了钻芯取样测试对劈裂强度的影响;通过对不同长度芯样的劈裂强度进行对比,研究了试样长度对芯样劈裂强度的影响规律。结果表明:由于钻芯过程产生的损伤及试验板与模制圆柱体试件的混凝土拌和、振捣、养护条件不同,导致钻芯法测得的混凝土劈裂强度相比室内试验降低15.7%;另外由于圆柱体试件的长度增加,混凝土试件的受力平面也随之增大,平面内存在的微裂缝、微孔洞的数量也会随之增多,导致随着试样长度的减小,测得的试样劈裂强度逐渐增大。最终得出国内某通用机场新建飞行区工程的劈裂强度与长度的修正系数。     

Does the income elasticity of road traffic depend on the source of income?

An extensive body of literature addresses the income elasticity of road traffic, in which income is typically treated as a homogenous quantity. Here we report evidence of heterogeneity in cross-sectional estimates of the elasticity of vehicle-kilometres of travel (VKT) with respect to income, when household income is disaggregated on the basis of income source.The results are generally intuitive, and show that the cross-sectional income elasticity of road traffic is not homogeneous as is typically specified in transport planning models. We show that in a number of circumstances the cross-sectional elasticity with respect to aggregate household income is of the opposite sign in comparison to more refined estimates of elasticity disaggregated by income source. If further research confirms that the elasticities we report here are causal in nature, neglecting the elemental effects could result in misleading results affecting practical infrastructure-investment and policy decisions, particularly as the mix of income sources shifts (e.g. if, as society ages, pension income increases as a share of all income).These results are of interest to both researchers and forecasters of travel demand, as well as designers of future travel survey instruments; the latter group must decide how to generate data about respondents’ income. Current expert guidance is to collect a single estimate of aggregate income at the household level. Future travel survey design choices will bound the analyses that can be supported by the resulting survey data, and therefore methodological research to re-visit the trade-offs associated with such choices is warranted.     

Strategies to achieve deep reductions in metropolitan transportation GHG emissions: the case of Philadelphia

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates strategies that could achieve an 80% reduction in transportation emissions from current levels by 2050 in the City of Philadelphia. The baseline daily lifecycle emissions generated by road transportation in the Greater Philadelphia Region in 2012 were quantified using trip information from the 2012 Household Travel Survey (HTS). Emissions were projected to the year 2050 accounting for population growth and trends in vehicle technology for both the Greater Philadelphia Region and the City of Philadelphia. The impacts of vehicle technology and shifts in travel modes on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2050 were quantified using a scenario approach. The analysis of 12 different scenarios suggests that 80% reduction in emissions is technically feasible through a combination of active transportation, cleaner fuels for public transit vehicles, and a significant market penetration of battery-electric vehicles. The additional electricity demand associated with greater use of electric vehicles could amount to 10.8 TWh/year. The use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) shows promising results due to high reductions in GHG emissions at a potentially manageable cost.     

综合勘察与超前地质预报技术在兰渝铁路长寿山隧道中的应用研究

长寿山隧道为特长隧道,其工程规模大,埋深大,需勘察范围广,地形地质条件十分复杂,为了详细查清隧道的工程地质与水文地质条件,并及时对地质勘察资料进行补充和完善,指导并保证隧道施工的安全顺利进行,通过在勘察阶段采用遥感、大面积地质调绘、物探、钻探、综合试验、测试相结合的地质综合勘察技术,在施工阶段,采用地质编录、TSP、地质雷达、红外探测、超前水平钻探等相结合的综合地质超前预报技术,提高勘察效率及质量,补充地质资料、指导及保证安全施工,取得很好的效果。实践证明,山区长大、深埋、地形地质复杂隧道,在勘察及施工阶段分别采用综合勘察与地质超前预报技术,其方法是必要、合理、恰当的。     

杭州市交通状况及车联网市场前景的调研与分析

作为物联网在交通领域的应用,车联网可有效缓解当前的城市交通问题.为更好地把握车联网的市场前景,2012年底在杭州市开展了一次大规模随机抽样调查活动,在汽车4S店、二手车市场、高校、政府机关和企业内随机发放问卷共800份.根据对问卷结果的统计分析,绝大部分驾驶员对杭城交通状况十分不满意,造成交通问题的主因是车辆增长过快,大多数驾驶员对车联网应用及相关产品十分感兴趣,并愿意为之支付一定费用.由此可以推断车联网市场前景非常广阔.     

船舶结构振动自动测试与数据处理系统

本文介绍船舶结构振动自动测试与数据处理系统的组建及相关的计算机软硬件。使用本系统替代传统的光电和磁带记录仪进行实船结构振动测试，具有实时分析强、操作灵活、便于组成数据库等优点。     

解析法预计平面贯通测量误差应用

在交通工程的隧道和矿山井下建设中，由于预计贯通平面测量误差的传统图解法存在缺陷，提出用误差椭圆和坐标变换2种解析法来预计贯通测量平面误差，并通过实例证明，这2种新方法过程简单，不仅可以提高平面贯通测量的精度，还可以节省时间，提高工作效率。     

机车信号邻线干扰问题研究

针对机车运行过程中可能出现的邻线干扰问题,提出一种基于欠采样原理的本线信号低频信息提取法。该方法通过对邻线与本线的混合信号进行频谱分析,确定信号的载频频率成分,进而提取出本线信号的低频信息。实验证明,当邻线信号与本线信号以电流强度3∶1混合时,该方法仍能准确地提取低频信息,具有较高的实时性及频谱分辨率。     

高明大桥扩建工程主桥上部结构施工监控

高明大桥扩建工程主桥为13跨1联的预应力混凝土刚构-连续体系,确保施工中结构的安全和结构形成以后的线形与内力状态符合设计所期望的合理目标值,是分段悬臂浇筑施工的重要内容。文章介绍了该桥施工监控的内容、方法,监控的措施、监控中一些问题的处理及监控结果。