The 2008 New Zealand public transport management act: Rationale, key provisions, and parallels with the United Kingdom

In January 2009, following a lengthy industry review and consultation process, the New Zealand Public Transport Management Act (PTMA) came into force. The Act allows Regional Transport Authorities, as the primary procurers of public transport services, to place either a control or a contracting requirement upon services that are registered as commercial requiring no subsidy. The imposition of either the control or the contracting requirement is designed to facilitate greater system integration, improve service continuity and enhance services to the customer, andallow the Authority to invest in key strategic projects, such as integrated fares and ticketing, so as to grow patronage.The PTMA’s other objective is to ensure improved value for public subsidies. Recent years have seen significant subsidy inflation for seemingly little commensurate benefits. The Act will allow the Regional Transport Authority to achieve greater value for money through improved farebox, a shift to longer, larger contracts to increase competition in the market, a more appropriate allocation of risk, and the removal of the ability of operators to ‘game’ the current system by using strategically placed commercial services as barriers to competition.Similar concerns have also stimulated new legislation in the UK and this paper illustrates the parallels in the environment and proposed response.     

O（n）时间复杂性的超快速分类算法

本文介绍了一个超快速分类算法—SUPERSORT,和C.A.R.Hoare于1962年提出的QuiCKSORT算法相比,suPERSORT算法更具有时间上的优越性。SUPERSORT算法的时间复杂性为O(的数量级,并且SUPERSORT算法适用于对任意类型的数据进行高效地分类。      

���ڽ�ͨ�ṹ�Ŀ��н�ͨ�����Խ�ģ

为改进航空器计量方法在评估交通态势复杂度时的局限性,本文建立了一种空中交通复杂性评估模型.基于空中交通的结构因素,模型构建了距离因子和冲突因子,能够反映航空器之间的相对距离与航迹交叉作用对于复杂性的影响.针对广州区域扇区进行的交通复杂性指标评估结果表明：航空器数量的变化会引起目标空域交通复杂性的变化,但后者对前者的响应并非完全同步;两者的变化程度不完全相同,且变化趋势可能相反.对相应交通态势的回溯和分析表明,相比基于航空器数量的评估方法,交通复杂性指标能够更加客观地反映空域状态的变化特征.     

车载信息系统操作对驾驶员动作分神的影响

车载信息系统的使用,在为驾驶员提供较为舒适车内驾驶环境的同时,还给驾驶员带来了不可忽视的分神问题.以多资源理论为基础,对驾驶员动作分神进行界定,选择车载收音机、CD、MP3 和导航仪作为车载信息系统研究对象,基于实验测试,定量分析车载信息系统操作对引起的驾驶员动作分神规律,并对导致驾驶动作分神的因素进行显著性分析.结果表明,交通环境和车载信息系统操作对驾驶人动作分神具有显著影响,车载收音机操作对动作分神影响不大,MP3 调节时手离开方向盘时间增加超过8.56%,冲突或差错率增加9.72%,导航仪路径输入时手离开方向盘时间显著增加,冲突或差错率增加 28.17%,语音路径诱导时刹车操作差错增加.     

城市轨道交通隧道空间综合利用研究

在轨道交通网络化的形势下,从集约化利用地下空间的角度出发,探索如何利用城市轨道交通区间隧道的剩余空间,铺设市政管线。研究了3种不同形式的区间隧道(双圆隧道、单圆隧道、矩形隧道)内铺设管线的方式,并分析了外来管线对隧道的影响,提出了解决方案。     

A multi-objective approach for Dynamic Airspace Sectorization using agent based and geometric models

A key limitation when accommodating the continuing air traffic growth is the fixed airspace structure including sector boundaries. The geometry of sectors has stayed relatively constant despite the fact that route structures and demand have changed dramatically over the past decade. Dynamic Airspace Sectorization is a concept where the airspace is redesigned dynamically to accommodate changing traffic demands. Various methods have been proposed to dynamically partition the airspace to accommodate the traffic growth while satisfying other sector constraints and efficiency metrics. However, these approaches suffer from several operational drawbacks, and their computational complexity increases fast as the airspace size and traffic volume increase. In this paper, we evaluate and identify the gaps in existing 3D sectorization methods, and propose an improved Agent Based Model (iABM) to address these gaps. We also propose three additional models using KD-Tree, Bisection and Voronoi Diagrams in 3D, to partition the airspace to satisfy the convexity constraint and reduce computational cost. We then augment these methods with a multi-objective optimization approach that uses four objectives: minimizing the variance of controller workload across the sectors, maximizing the average sector flight time, and minimizing the distance between sector boundaries and the traffic flow crossing points. Experimental results show that iABM has the best performance on workload balancing, but it is restrictive when it comes to the convexity constraint. Bisection- and Voronoi Diagram-based models perform worse than iABM on workload balancing but better on average sector flight time, and they can satisfy the convexity constraint. The KD-tree-based model has a lower computational cost, but with a poor performance on the given objectives.     

船闸短廊道和三角门门缝联合输水的水力计算

结合依托的船闸工程,提出了短廊道和三角门门缝联合输水的水力计算方法,并通过对输水系统的水力计算分析,确定了阀门处廊道断面尺寸,提出了具体的输水系统布置,确定了输水阀门的开启方式。建立了短廊道和三角门门缝联合输水的输水过程数学模型,并采用该数学模型计算了船闸输水水力特性。水力特性计算结果表明,进行输水系统布置时,将短廊道和三角门门缝分开考虑进行计算分析是合适的,各项水力特征值满足设计和规范要求,并且该输水方式可提高船闸运行效率。     

基于FCM-粗糙集的多扇区交通拥挤识别方法研究

通过分析管制扇区交通时空拥挤特征,基于雷达航迹数据建立了多扇区交通拥挤识别模型.建立当量交通量、接近度、饱和度、交通密度4个多扇区拥挤特征指标,采用FCM(模糊C均值聚类算法)和粗糙集理论,对扇区拥挤程度进行划分和识别,并以中南地区区域管制扇区数据进行了实例验证.实验结果表明,扇区的拥挤态势受扇区多种宏观和微观特征的共同影响,且拥挤识别模型计算可行、识别效率较高.多扇区交通拥挤识别对空域规划、空管辅助决策、空中交通流量管理具有一定的应用价值.     

Biofuels in aviation: Fuel demand and CO2 emissions evolution in Europe toward 2030

This article presents the results of a scenario-based study carried out at the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre aimed at analyzing the future growth of aviation, the resulting fuel demand and the deployment of biofuels in the aviation sector in Europe. Three scenarios have been produced based on different input assumptions and leading to different underlying patterns of growth and resulting volumes of traffic. Data for aviation growth and hence fuel demand have been projected on a year by year basis up to 2030, using 2010 as the baseline. Data sources are Eurostat statistics and actual flight information from EUROCONTROL. Relevant variables such as the number of flights, the type of aircrafts, passengers or cargo tonnes and production indicators (RPKs) are used together with fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions data. The target of the European Advanced Biofuels Flightpath to ensure the commercialization and consumption of 2 million tons of sustainably produced paraffinic biofuels in the aviation sector by 2020, has also been taken into account. Results regarding CO₂ emission projections to 2030, reveal a steady annual increase in the order of 3%, 1% and 4% on average, for the three different scenarios, providing also a good correlation compared to the annual traffic growth rates that are indicated in the three corresponding scenarios. In absolute values, these ratios correspond to the central, the pessimistic and the optimistic scenarios respectively, corresponding to 360 million tonnes CO₂ emissions in 2030, ranging from 271 to 401 million tonnes for the pessimistic and optimistic scenarios, respectively. This article also reports on the supply potential of aviation biofuels (clustered in HEFA/HVOs and biojet) based on the production capacity of facilities around the world and provides an insight on the current and future trends in aviation based on the European and national policies, innovations and state-of-the art technologies that will influence the future of sustainable fuels in aviation.     

Decomposition analysis of energy-related carbon emissions from the transportation sector in Beijing

In the process of rapid development and urbanization in Beijing, identifying the potential factors of carbon emissions in the transportation sector is an important prerequisite to controlling carbon emissions. Based on the expanded Kaya identity, we built a multivariate generalized Fisher index (GFI) decomposition model to measure the influence of the energy structure, energy intensity, output value of per unit traffic turnover, transportation intensity, economic growth and population size on carbon emissions from 1995 to 2012 in the transportation sector of Beijing. Compared to most methods used in previous studies, the GFI model possesses the advantage of eliminating decomposition residuals, which enables it to display better decomposition characteristics (Ang et al., 2004). The results show: (i) The primary positive drivers of carbon emissions in the transportation sector include the economic growth, energy intensity and population size. The cumulative contribution of economic growth to transportation carbon emissions reaches 334.5%. (ii) The negative drivers are the transportation intensity and energy structure, while the transportation intensity is the main factor that restrains transportation carbon emissions. The energy structure displays a certain inhibition effect, but its inhibition is not obvious. (iii) The contribution rate of the output value of per unit traffic turnover on transportation carbon emissions appears as a flat “M”. To suppress the growth of carbon emissions in transportation further, the government of Beijing should take the measures of promoting the development of new energy vehicles, limiting private vehicles’ increase and promoting public transportation, evacuating non-core functions of Beijing and continuingly controlling population size.