功效系数法在水泥稳定材料配合比设计中的应用

水泥稳定材料的配合比设计方法主要考虑技术指标,对经济指标关注很少。对满足强度要求的多个配合比设计方案,将价格也作为考察指标之一,运用功效系数法加以评价和优化,获得性价比最佳的配合比设计方案,既能保证质量,又可节约工程成本,并总结出一种多指标权衡的配合比设计评价和优化方法。     

Explaining “peak car” with economic variables

Many western countries have seen a plateau and subsequent decrease of car travel during the 21st century. What has generated particular interest and debate is the statement that the development cannot be explained by changes in traditional explanatory factors such as GDP and fuel prices. Instead, it has been argued, the observed trends are indications of substantial changes in lifestyles, preferences and attitudes to car travel; what we are experiencing is not just a temporary plateau, but a true “peak car”. However, this study shows that the traditional variables GDP and fuel price are in fact sufficient to explain the observed trends in car traffic in all the countries included in our study: the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Sweden and (to a large extent) Australia and Germany. We argue that the importance of the fuel price increases in the early 2000s has been underappreciated in the studies that shaped the later debate. Results also indicate that GDP elasticities tend to decrease with rising GDP, and that fuel price elasticities tend to increase at high price levels and during periods of rapid price increases.     

Collective public-transport tickets and anticipated majority choice: A model of student tickets

In Germany, many universities have student tickets that are bargained for between student representatives and public transport companies, approved by referendum, and mandatory for all students. They allow the use of public transport at no additional cost. I analyze such a scenario in a theoretical model as an example of a flat-rate ticket for public transport which is implemented by majority decision. The mandatory character of the ticket reduces transaction costs like marketing and ticket inspection, reducing the ticket price and thus the students’ commuting expenses. However, there is a countervailing effect. Students face and rationally expect zero marginal monetary commuting costs, so that new students choose a place of residence which is relatively far from the university. This in turn raises the equilibrium ticket price. It may even be the case that students would be better off if such a ticket had never existed. Nonetheless, they always vote for it in referenda, because accepting the high price is optimal given their place of residence. After laying out the model, I analyze an optimal policy, which consists, for example, of subsidizing student dorms at an efficient distance to the city center.     

城市轨道交通新建线路对沿线住宅价格增值的时空效应

定量分析城市轨道交通对沿线土地价值的影响，是通过土地价值捕获将外部效益内部化， 解决中国新型城镇化过程中城市轨道交通财务可持续的关键问题。本文在开源数据环境下，获 取2011—2016年北京市二手房交易数据，采用特征价格模型(HPM)分析北京城市轨道交通新建 线路对沿线住宅价格增值的时空效应。研究表明：与全局常参数的多元线性回归模型(MLR)、空 间滞后模型(SLM)、空间误差模型(SEM)和空间杜宾模型(SDM)相比，局部变参数的地理加权回归 模型(GWR)拟合效果更优，可以更好地消除残差的空间效应，刻画轨道交通与土地价值关系的空 间异质性。城市轨道交通带来的可达性提升对沿线80%以上住宅小区的房价具有显著的正效 应，住宅价格增值比率随地铁站距离递远递减，且具有显著的空间异质性。轨道交通对住宅价格 的影响在空间上具有网络化效应，新建线路不仅会改变周边房价，对城轨网络其他位置的住宅也 具有影响。城市轨道交通对住宅价格的影响范围为1 km，在该范围内，住宅价格受到的增值效应 在 2011—2016 年基本稳定，约为 3%；受新线直接影响区域的住宅价格会产生相对更大的提升 (0.02%~0.22%)。     

Is car drivers’ response to congestion charging schemes based on the correct perception of price signals?

This paper deals with the question of whether the capability of car drivers to estimate the cost of a new hypothetical, highly differentiated congestion charge influences their decision to change travel behaviour. The analysis makes use of an integrated choice and latent variable model (ICLV) which merges classic choice models with the structural equation approach (SEM) for latent variables. This hybrid model improves the explanatory power considerably compared with a conventional discrete choice model. The results suggest that charge complexity decreases the resistance in considering behavioural changes. Car drivers tend to avoid a travel option where the price is not known beforehand, a phenomenon known as ambiguity avoidance.     

选举交互模型下的股市权益定价

运用停时理论及粒子选举交互作用系统,建立了一个包含两类投资者的股票价格模型,用以描述证券市场的单只证券价格过程波动的统计特性.基于统计分析方法,证明了标准化随机价格过程收敛于相应Black-Scholes模型的分布.讨论了该价格过程模型下的欧式未定权益的定价和套期保值问题.     

基于灰色关联分析的房地产价格估算研究

房地产开发价格确定的准确与否直接影响项目开发利润的大小,更会关系到项目的成功与失败.结合房地产开发的特点,在充分考虑房地产价格影响因素的基础上,利用已建类似项目的价格建立灰色关联分析模型,估算出拟建项目房地产价格,并结合实例进行了阐述.     

集装箱航运市场运力供需与运价分析模型

根据船舶集装箱运输生产的航速和箱位两个要素，定义了以每天每箱位投入燃油数和箱位数为自变量的航运生产函数；推导出集装箱航运市场供方根据需求的变化而调整产量的扩张路径；推导出供方短期单位总成本，并求出边际成本曲线，即供应函数。结果表明，在大范围内，边际成本对需求相对较不敏感，运价相对稳定，但当船队已完全利用，边际成本及船东要求的运价上升很快。     

基于收益管理的季节性商品动态定价策略

以期望收益最大化为目标,研究了基于收益管理的季节性商品的定价策略,给出了在有用户保留价格情况下连续时间定价策略模型,并求出了需求为泊松过程和用户保留价格为指数分布时的最优解.算例分析表明:最优价格是初始库存的递减函数,是潜在购买率和销售时间段的递增函数;期望利润是初始库存和剩余销售时间的递增函数,同时边际期望利润是初始库存的递减函数.