考虑摩擦滑移的普通板式橡胶支座剪切性能研究

普通板式橡胶支座作为中国量大面广的公路钢筋混凝土梁桥结构体系中的重要支承构件,其力学性能对局部和整体结构的刚度分布和受力变形特点具有一定的影响,甚至影响服役公路桥梁结构的安全性和适应性。因此,针对桥梁服役过程中该类支座普遍存在的滑移、脱空等典型病害特征,研究其不同受力状态下的剪切性能。考虑支座界面接触方式、几何尺寸等参数,设计并进行了6个普通板式橡胶支座的剪切性能试验。对不同参数影响下支座的损伤破坏模式、剪应变-剪应力曲线、支座有效剪切应变及抗剪刚度等参数进行对比分析。进一步应用有限元数值模拟方法,对摩擦滑移下的支座剪切性能进行参数分析,并将其有限元分析结果与普通板式橡胶支座的剪切性能试验结果进行对比。研究结果表明,支座上、下表面的接触摩擦条件可明显影响支座的水平侧移和抗侧力。对于界面摩擦因数较小的情况,卸载后支座摩擦滑动位移不能完全恢复,随着循环加载次数的增加,摩擦滑动位移增幅增大,且支座界面摩擦滑移可降低支座有效剪切变形和抗剪刚度的发挥。0.5,0.7,1.0等效剪切变形下支座的抗剪刚度试验结果、模拟结果与理论计算结果对比表明,试验结果与模拟结果吻合较好,而既有抗剪刚度理论计算结果偏大,且未考虑支座界面摩擦滑移、脱空的影响。因此,在进行实际桥梁结构的力学性能计算时,应考虑不同受力阶段支座力学性能指标的取值。     

Artificial forces for virtual autonomous ships with encountering situations in restricted waters

ABSTRACT

Even if the same two ships operate in the same encountering situation, the actual strategies and timing of operations may be different. Therefore, the fixed collision avoidance trajectory and ship movements are no longer suitable for simulating the real ship behaviour. This paper tries to develop an artificial intelligent system that fully sensitive to the local circumstances and command a ship in virtual environment. Based on AIS (Automatic Identification System) data, this study has developed artificial forces which help decision makings on-board independently under different situations and catching the stochastic nature of ship behaviours during collision avoidances manoeuvring. Actual ship tracks are helpful for ascertaining the parameters that contribute to artificial forces in collision avoidances, while the correlation coefficient analysis is helpful to distinguish the parameters. This study will help to develop a navigation traffic simulation to reflect the realistic ship behaviour and provide reliable information for port and waterway planning, risk analysis, and mitigation measures. The method can be used in developing algorithms for autonomous ships. The method introduced in this study lays a foundation for developing artificial forces at intersections or bends, although the model is only applicable in straight channels at the moment.     

长江口软基围堤施工的加载速率效应

针对长江口某围堤施工软土堆载过程中的稳定性问题,进行不同加载模式下的应力路径试验,分析长江口软黏土的应力-应变关系、结构损伤特性、强度及应变率发展模式,为该围堤工程的施工速率选取及施工过程中的稳定性控制提供技术依据。结果表明:在不考虑固结的前提下,土体的不排水抗剪强度几乎不受加载模式影响;最终强度与达到破坏时的应变大小无关,但与分级加载时间和分级静置时间存在相互作用关系;土体失稳时的应变率与加载速率和静置时间均有一定关系,且加载速率的影响更大;当加荷超过不排水抗剪强度的80%时,或分级最大应变率逐渐偏离加载初期的线性变化,土样濒临破坏。     

基于砾钢渣+橡胶颗粒的新型填料动剪切模量与阻尼比特性试验

为了解决固体废弃物循环利用问题,提出将废旧轮胎橡胶颗粒掺入废弃钢渣中形成新型土工填料。为了了解该新型填料的动力特性,采用共振柱试验对基于钢渣+橡胶颗粒的新型土工填料的动剪切模量和阻尼比特性开展研究。首先分析围压与橡胶颗粒含量对新型填料动剪切模量和阻尼比的影响,试验结果表明：动剪切模量和阻尼比与剪应变的关系类似传统土类,动剪切模量随着剪应变的增大而减小,阻尼比则随着剪应变的增加而增大,变化曲线趋势基本一致;新型填料的动剪切模量随着钢渣含量的减少和橡胶颗粒含量的增加而逐渐减小,橡胶颗粒含量达到20%时,动剪切模量与剪应变的关系曲线低缓显著,新型填料中橡胶颗粒不宜掺入太多。然后,基于Hardin-drnevich双曲线模型建立新型填料的动力特性理论模型,Hardin-drnevich双曲线模型能够较好地模拟新型填料动剪切模量归一化的数据,并对新型填料参考剪应变随橡胶含量的变化趋势进行了预测。最后,将新型填料的最大动剪切模量与纯钢渣、南京砂和福建标准砂的最大动剪切模量进行比较。分析结果表明：新型填料的橡胶颗粒含量不宜超出15%,这种新型填料动剪切模量适中,阻尼比较大,具有较好的抗震减震能力,能够替代砂土成为一种回填材料。     

Time taken for residents to adopt a new public transport service: examining heterogeneity through duration modelling

When a new public transport service is introduced it would be valuable for public authorities, financing organisations and transport operators to know how long it will take for people to start to use the service and what factors influence this. This paper presents results from research analysing the time taken for residents living close to a new guided bus service to start to use (or adopt) the service. Data was obtained from a sample of residents on whether they used the new service and the number of weeks after the service was introduced before they first used it. Duration modelling has been used to analyse how the likelihood of starting to use the new service changes over time (after the introduction of the service) and to examine what factors influence this. It is found that residents who have not used the new service are increasingly unlikely to use it as time passes. Those residents gaining greater accessibility benefits from the new service are found to be quicker to use the service, although the size of this effect is modest compared to that of other between-resident differences. Allowance for the possibility that there existed a proportion of the sample that would never use the new service was tested using a split population model (SPD) model. The SPD model indicates that 36% of residents will never use the new service and is informative in differentiating factors that influence whether Route 20 is used and when it is used.

大厚度半刚性基层层间结合技术室内试验研究

文章通过室内直剪试验,对大厚度水泥稳定碎石基层上下层结合状态进行研究,分析了大厚度水泥稳定碎石基层上下层浇筑间隔时间、养生时间及水泥浆用量对层间抗剪性能的影响,并提出了最佳施工工艺。     

The accuracy of proxy responses in a stated choice setting: A re-examination and some controversial conclusions

Data is typically gathered from an individual respondent who represents the group or the household. This individual is often identified as the “primary decision maker” and is asked to provide responses as a proxy for the group given that the cost of interviewing each member individually is impractical and/or expensive. The collection of joint preferences is rarely undertaken, with the use of proxy responses not uncommon in travel behaviour research. Under such a framework, there exists an assumption that the primary decision maker has perfect knowledge of other group member preferences, and bargaining behaviour, and is able to synthesise this information when providing a response on their behalf. The validity of such an assumption however remains an open question, with recent research calling the reliability of proxy responses into account (Bateman and Munro, 2009). In this paper, using three models estimated in willingness to pay space, we examine the accuracy of proxy responses in a stated choice experiment. We find that there is overlap between a proxy response and the own preferences of the individual providing the proxy choice, but while the proxy responses fail to represent the full preference heterogeneity that exists in the actual choices made by individuals, the proxy responses in aggregate provide a suitable replacement for actual data, subject to a number of caveats.     

Tradable credits for managing car travel: a review of empirical research and relevant behavioural approaches

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in Tradable Credits (TC) as an alternative measure to manage the growth of personal car use. This paper summarises the results and methodologies of studies that have sought to anticipate the behavioural responses to several proposed TC schemes that target personal travel. In a critical reflection on this work and in an attempt to inspire future research, we argue that future empirical studies on TC behaviours can greatly benefit from insights from the fields of behavioural economics and cognitive psychology. Therefore, in the second part of the paper, we bring together behavioural concepts from these fields that are relevant in a TC decision-making context. Based on observations from current TC studies and the behavioural mechanisms identified in the second part of the paper, we propose promising directions for future research on understanding the impact of TC on personal car travel.     

The “field of safe travel” revisited: interpreting driving behaviour performance through a holistic approach

The present paper proposes a conceptual framework for the driver’s visual–spatial perceptual processes. Based on a theoretical analysis of driving proposed by Gibson and Crooks [(1938). A theoretical field-analysis of automobile-driving. The American Journal of Psychology, 51, 453–471. doi:10.2307/1416145], the developed field of safe travel (FoST) framework suggests that at any moment the driver constructs a “field” by integrating two perceptual entities: (i) the possible available spatial fields for locomotion and (ii) the driver’s mental image of ego-vehicle outer-line and motion dynamics. This framework is used to reinterpret in a unified way a number of disparate research findings reported in the literature concerning specific driving sub-tasks (e.g. lane keeping and car following). It is argued that the FoST framework may be used to predict drivers’ behaviour in various traffic/situation environments based on their prioritisation between the above two perceptual entities. Implications of the proposed framework at a theoretical and practical level, in view of the future of driving with multiple levels of automation, are also discussed.     

Factors influencing travel mode choice among families with young children (aged 0–4): a review of the literature

Life events, such as the birth of a child, disrupt habitual travel behaviour and provide a valuable opportunity to influence the adoption of sustainable transport practices. However, in order for sustainable travel practices to be adopted, an understanding is required of the factors that influence travel mode choice among families with young children. Research in this field is particularly timely given many in the millennial generation, a comparably large cohort, are approaching this life stage. This comprehensive literature review develops a framework of factors influencing travel mode choice among families with young children. The findings reveal a multitude of factors influence decisions about mode choice, and, in particular, encourage travel by car, when travelling with young children. The paper concludes with an agenda for future research about travel among families with young children, a largely overlooked group of transport users.