杭州湾跨海大桥水中低墩区钢管桩设计

结合杭州湾跨海大桥水中低墩区自然环境条件,对该区域桥梁钢管桩设计思路做了较详细的说明,包括从钢管桩设计方案的选择到钢管桩细部构造的设计思路,结构受力的理论计算,施工、制造工艺水平等方面。     

曲线箱梁考虑剪滞效应的几何非线性分析

在考虑箱梁翼缘正应力的剪滞效应和结构竖向挠度的几何非线性影响前提下，依据势能变分原理，推导了薄壁曲线箱梁的非线性控制微分方程，并采用样条配点法和Newton-Raphon迭代法进行求解。算例计算表明，本文结果与有限条的解吻合较好，但本文的方法更经济、简单、实用，可推广于变截面、变曲率薄壁曲线箱梁的计算。     

Should we abandon activity type analysis? Redefining activities by their salient attributes

This paper poses a challenge and begins a search. The challenge is to reconsider the usefulness of traditional activity types (“work”, “shopping”, etc.) in the understanding and modelling of travel behaviour. The search is for the more salient attributes of activities that may serve to better explain complex travel behaviours—such as activity scheduling and tour formation. In particular, this paper focuses on explicit measures of the spatial, temporal and interpersonal flexibility of activities, along with several traditional attributes (frequency, duration, involved persons, travel time, and location). Data from a recent in-depth week-long activity scheduling survey was used to define and compare these attributes. Results show that considerable variability in the attributes between and within traditional activity groups is evident. This casts considerable uncertainty on assumptions that statically assign levels of spatial, temporal, and interpersonal flexibility to any given activity type. A Principal Components Analysis further revealed eight new distinct clusters of activities that share like attributes. The relative role of each attribute in each component is examined, and subjective interpretations emerged (e.g., “Long and frequent”, “Space and time flexible” “Social networking”). The implications of these results for future model development and research are discussed. Future research should continue to expand the search for salient attributes and link them more directly to decision processes.     

三轴剪切试验中孔隙水压力的特性探讨

介绍孔隙水压力在三轴试验中的变化和影响孔隙水压力的众多因素,以及三轴试验成果的重要性。     

Daily rhythms of suburban commuters’ movements in the Tallinn metropolitan area: Case study with mobile positioning data

The objective of this study is to analyse the diurnal rhythms of city life and its spatial differences in Tallinn, using mobile telephone positioning data. The positioning experiment was carried out in April 2006 over an 8-day period and 15-min intervals, with a random sample of 277 respondents living in new residential areas outside the city of Tallinn.The investigation of the space–time movements and daily distances of respondents showed that the majority of respondents had a similar temporal rhythm related to work, school, services and leisure in the city. Because of the different timing of those activities, the mobile positioning data made it possible to map functional differences in the city. The advantages and disadvantages of mobile positioning data in mapping urban life are discussed in the final section of the study.     

城市管道对于软土地基沥青路面影响分析

该文针对软土地区城市道路地下管道对于沥青路面的不利影响进行分析,采用有限元方法分析了管道周边和上部土基的模量对于沥青面层内部剪应力的影响,并与容许剪切强度进行了对比.提出必须采取合理措施增加管道周边的土基强度,从而有效地避免沥青路面的剪切破坏.     

Normal and shear forces in the contact patch of a braked racing tyre. Part 1: results from a finite-element model

In this first part of a two-part article, a previously described and validated finite-element model of a racing-car tyre is developed further to yield detailed information on carcass deflections and contact pressure and shear stress distributions for a steady rolling, slipping, and cambered tyre. Variations in running conditions simulated include loads of 1500, 3000 and 4500 N, camber angles of 0° and ?3°, and longitudinal slips from 0% to?20%. Special attention is paid to heavy braking, in which context the aligning moment is of great interest. Results generated are in broad agreement with limited experimental results from the literature and they provide considerable insight into how the tyre deforms and how the contact stresses are distributed as functions of the running conditions. Generally, each rib of the tyre behaves differently from the others, especially when the wheel is cambered. The results form a basis for the development of a simpler physical tyre model, the purpose of which is to retain accuracy over the full operating range while demanding much less computational resource. The physical tyre model is the topic of the second part of the article.     

温度对盐渍土抗剪强度和变形特性的影响

为了明确因冻结温度和结晶差异造成的温度对盐渍土抗剪强度和变形特性的影响，以高含盐量和不同盐分类型的盐渍土为研究对象开展试验研究。首先，选用青藏高原察尔汗-格尔木高速公路沿线采集的含盐量为10%~36%的氯盐含量高、硫酸盐含量低的盐渍土土样（HC-1，HC-2）和硫酸盐含量较高而氯盐含量较低的盐渍土土样（CS）3种高含盐量盐渍土作为试验土样，对3种土样进行冻结温度试验，验证其降温至-20℃时，土体不会发生冻结。其次，在5个不同控制温度（-20℃、-10℃、0℃、10℃和20℃）下，分别进行盐渍土直剪试验以得出温度与抗剪强度参数关系函数。最后，分析温度对抗剪强度和弹性模量的影响，同时，利用数值拟合建立考虑温度影响下的盐渍土抗剪强度和切线弹性模量公式。研究结果表明：当温度由20℃降低至-10℃，3种盐渍土的抗剪强度和初始切线弹性模量均增大后趋于峰值，而随温度继续降低至-20℃后，HC-1和HC-2土样指标呈下降趋势，CS土样各参数结果却趋于稳定；不同含盐类型的盐渍土，温度对其破坏比R_f的影响也不同；在温度由20℃降至-20℃的过程中，HC土样的R_f在-10℃出现峰值，且在较低荷载（100 kPa）下，呈现出先增大后减小的特点，在较高荷载（200，300，400 kPa）下呈现出先增大后趋缓的特点；CS土样的R_f在20℃~10℃、10℃~-10℃和-10℃~-20℃降温段呈现出先增大中趋缓后减小的分段式变化特点。     

Activity patterns,time use,and travel of millennials: a generation in transition?

Millennials, defined in this study as those born between 1979 and 2000, became the largest population segment in the United States in 2015. Compared to recent previous generations, they have been found to travel less, own fewer cars, have lower driver’s licensure rates, and use alternative modes more. But to what extent will these differences in behaviour persist as millennials move through various phases of the lifecycle? To address this question, this paper presents the results of a longitudinal analysis of the 2003–2013 American Time Use Survey data series. In early adulthood, younger millennials (born 1988–1994) are found to spend significantly more time in-home than older millennials (born 1979–1985), which indicates that there are substantial differences in activity-time use patterns across generations in early adulthood. Older millennials are, however, showing activity-time use patterns similar to their prior generation counterparts as they age, although some differences – particularly in time spent as a car driver – persist. Millennials appear to exhibit a lag in adopting the activity patterns of predecessor generations due to delayed lifecycle milestones (e.g. completing their education, getting jobs, marrying, and having children) and lingering effects of the economic recession, suggesting that travel demand will resume growth in the future.