扶壁码头船撞损坏鉴定与修复方案

某扶壁码头被船碰撞后损坏严重。在对码头水下部位进行探摸以及对水上部位调查与检测的基础上,分类评价码头各受损部位的损坏程度,提出码头主体结构修复方案,结果可作为码头修复和事故赔偿的依据。     

香港典型山区道路汽车行驶工况污染物排放研究

通过安装车载测试系统收集香港港岛山区路段正常行驶工况下尾气中的CO、NOx、HC等污染物和油耗并辅助计算机软件进行分析。研究得出,山区道路设计、地形地貌和驾驶习惯对车辆油耗以及CO、NOx和HC排放有直接关系。可以通过坡道加宽、坡道延长、减少坡道红绿灯等措施减少车辆在山区道路行驶过程中速度变化频率,从而减少油耗以及CO、NOx和HC排放。     

Investigation of tailpipe and evaporative emissions from China IV and Tier 2 passenger vehicles with different gasolines

The limited understanding of vehicular emissions in China, especially evaporative emissions, is one obstacle to establishing tighter standards. To evaluate tailpipe and evaporative emissions, two typical China IV vehicles and one Tier 2 vehicle with an onboard refuelling vapour recovery (ORVR) system were selected and tested. One of the China IV vehicles was fuelled with gasoline, E10 and M15, respectively, to investigate the effect of fuel properties on vehicular emissions. For each vehicle, cold-start tailpipe emission tests were conducted first, followed by an evaporation test. Based on the emission factors and real-world vehicle activity data, the annual tailpipe and evaporative hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of each vehicle were calculated and compared. The results show that E10 and M15 significantly reduced the tailpipe CO and particle number (PN) emissions but seriously aggravated the NOx emissions, especially for M15. The hot soak losses (HSLs) and diurnal breathing losses (DBLs) were slightly impacted by the fuel properties. The annual evaporative emissions with E10 and M15 were higher than that with gasoline. The ORVR system effectively controlled the evaporative emissions, especially for DBLs. Evaporative emissions from the China IV vehicles were 1.1–1.4 times the tailpipe HC emissions. Additionally, the evaporative emission factors of the China IV vehicles were almost 50% lower than the standard (2.0 g/test), whereas their annual evaporative emissions were almost 1.8–2.8 times higher than those from the Tier 2 vehicle. Therefore, controlling evaporative emissions currently remains a great need in China, and the ORVR might be a recommended evaporative control technology.     

舰艇作战系统协同显控台技术研究

显控台作为舰艇作战系统的主要装备之一经历了三个发展阶段。针对协同显控台介绍了其系统组成和实现方案，并对显控台技术的发展趋势作了简要分析。     

Electric vehicles for greenhouse gas reduction in China: A cost-effectiveness analysis

There have been ongoing debates over whether battery electric vehicles contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in China’s context, and if yes, whether the greenhouse gas emissions reduction compensates the cost increment. This study informs such debate by examining the life-cycle cost and greenhouse gas emissions of conventional vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles, and comparing their cost-effectiveness for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The results indicate that under a wide range of vehicle and driving configurations (range capacity, vehicle use intensity, etc.), battery electric vehicles contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared with conventional vehicles, although their current cost-effectiveness is not comparable with hybrid electric vehicles. Driven by grid mix optimization, power generation efficiency improvement, and battery cost reduction, the cost-effectiveness of battery electric vehicles is expected to improve significantly over the coming decade and surpass hybrid electric vehicles. However, considerable uncertainty exists due to the potential impacts from factors such as gasoline price. Based on the analysis, it is recommended that the deployment of battery electric vehicles should be prioritized in intensively-used fleets such as taxis to realize high cost-effectiveness. Technology improvements both in terms of power generation and vehicle electrification are essential in improving the cost-effectiveness of battery electric vehicles.     

桥墩遭受船舶撞击的数值模拟法及其动态响应的研究

桥梁防撞结构的设计需要研究桥梁遭受船舶撞击时的动态响应并获得准确的碰撞力.运用LS-DYNA软件建立了1座分离式桥墩模型和1艘3 000 t级的散货船模型来模拟船桥碰撞的过程.为了考虑流体在碰撞过程中的作用,计算时分别以不考虑流体影响、附加质量和流构耦合3种计算模型来分析、比较流体对船桥碰撞响应的影响,并得出以下结论:不同的计算模型的系统能量变化和船舶碰撞力基本一致,流体的存在对碰撞力的影响较小;桥墩的水平位移响应要滞后承台约0.2s,附加质量模型的桥墩和承台水平位移比其余2种模型要略大;附加质量模型的计算结果与流构耦合模型的计算结果基本一致,但附加质量模型具有更高的计算效率,其计算用时仅为流构耦合模型用时的2/5.     

基于实船油耗与排放的拖轮航速优化

利用便携式排放测试系统对上海外高桥港近海拖轮进行了油耗与排放测试, 拟合了油耗、排放与航速的关系, 建立了巡航工况下的航速优化模型, 分析了拖轮最佳油耗和排放对应的航速。试验结果表明: 船舶CO₂的排放因子与燃油的品质和船舶工况相关, 与实船排放测试相比, 使用经验排放因子估算排放率是可行的; 当使用幂函数拟合CO、CO₂、THC、NO_x、PM、PN排放和油耗与航速关系时, 各拟合曲线的决定系数均大于0.9;仅对油耗优化, 当航速为7.21kn时, 拖轮单次巡航工况下的总油耗达到最小值, 相对最大航速12.00kn的油耗下降了33.40%;对油耗和NO_x排放进行优化, 得到的最优航速最大; 对油耗与所有排放同时优化, 得到的最优航速最小; 当航速为6.96kn时, 拖轮的总油耗、NO_x、PM和PN总排放达到最优值, 相对最大航速, 总油耗下降了33.29%, CO、CO₂、THC、NO_x、PM、PN减排率分别达到59.56%、76.37%、82.34%、92.36%、53.10%和62.25%。可见, 在最优航速时, 拖轮总油耗与总排放均显著减小。     

大倾角搁浅船舶扳正过程分析

在研究大倾角搁浅船舶的扳正过程中, 计算了难船扳正力、横倾角和吃水。根据搁浅船舶的受力特点, 建立了其力学模型, 分析了扳正过程中横倾角、吃水、入泥深度与海底泥土性质对船体的影响。利用GHS软件模拟搁浅船舶的扳正过程, 以某搁浅液化气船舶为例, 求解了其扳正过程中船体扳正力、总搁坐力、剪力、弯矩和转矩, 比较了难船不同扳正方案, 分析了难船的扳正方式、搁坐位置、上层建筑与储气罐对难船打捞的影响。分析结果表明: 在扳正过程中, 3个方案的力学参数的变化趋势是一致的。最大扳正力相差较大, 差值为9.1%~20.0%。搁坐力、剪力和弯矩均在横倾角为-55°~-50°时达到最大值, 船体虽然在该阶段不需加载较大的扳正力, 但仍应该注意船体的受力情况。在横倾角为-120°~-100°时, 转矩变化非常剧烈。弯矩和转矩均出现了反向变化的现象, 威胁船体结构的安全, 扳正中应该谨慎处理。选择合适的扳正方案时应该综合考虑扳正力施力点的位置和扳正过程对船体与环境安全的潜在威胁。     

舰船损管模拟训练系统中破损进水过程仿真

论述了损管模拟训练系统中破损进水模块开发方法,建立了相关的数学模型,包括破损舱室的分类方法、破口的分类原则、进水时间计算、破口处压力计算等,介绍了破损进水过程的计算机实现方法和视景仿真效果．     

国产摩托车排放现状及控制进程分析

本文根据百余种国产摩托车排气污染物底盘测功机工况法测试结果，建立了相应的数据库，本文综述了国产摩托车排气污染物排放现状，在对欧洲和台洲摩托车排放控制进行考察和分析的基础上，结合我国情况，提出了摩托车排放控制进程建议。