分心对驾驶人交通冲突反应时间的影响(双语出版)

为了研究分心对交通冲突状态下驾驶人反应时间的影响,采用驾驶模拟器构建城市道路交通环境下2种典型冲突形态：侧向行人冲突和纵向追尾冲突,设计认知、视觉以及发短信（认知+视觉复合分心）3种分心任务,在不同行驶车速、跟车时距、前车减速度等紧迫度条件下,采集30名驾驶人应对交通冲突的制动反应时间,分别采用重复测量一般线性模型及线性混合模型进行统计分析。研究结果表明：认知分心使驾驶人应对侧向行人冲突的制动反应时间增加0.09 s,但未观察到其对纵向追尾冲突反应时间的显著性影响;视觉分心与发短信都会延缓驾驶人应对侧向行人（分别增加0.31 s和0.27 s）以及纵向追尾冲突（分别增加0.47 s和0.38 s）的制动反应时间;此外,在纵向追尾冲突中,随着冲突紧迫度提高（前车减速度增大、车头时距减小以及自车速度增大）,驾驶人制动反应时间显著减小。表明驾驶分心延长了驾驶人应对交通冲突的反应时间,容易导致事故的发生,具体而言,认知分心主要延长驾驶人应对侧向冲突的反应时间,涉及视觉的分心同时延长驾驶人应对侧向及纵向冲突的反应时间;视觉分心对驾驶人反应时间的延长显著性高于认知分心,说明视觉分心对行车安全影响更大。     

航海模拟器的现状与展望

该文根据世界各海运国家现有航海模拟器的现状和它们教学培训中的实际使用情况，以及新修订的１９７８年国际海员培训、发证和值班标准公约中有关航海模拟器教学培训的要求，简要地介绍了航海模拟器的现状及其在教学培训中的应用，并就航海模拟器在日后的发展及其在教学培训中的新应用作了展望。同时还就如何改进和发展我国航海模拟器及相应的教学培训工作，使其适应国内外海运事业发展的需要提出了几点设想。     

车辆动力学稳定性控制的理论研究

本文着重探讨了车辆动力学稳定性控制的基本原理，探讨逻辑与控制算法，并在汽车驾驶模拟器所提供的虚拟驾驶环境下进行了试验验证，取得了良好的控制效果。     

Modeling drivers' diversion from normal routes under ATIS using generalized estimating equations and binomial probit link function

Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) provide travelers with real time traffic information to optimize their travel choices. The objective of this paper is to model drivers' diversion from their normal routes in the provision of ATIS. Five different scenarios of traffic information are used. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) framework with repeated observations and binomial probit link function is introduced and implemented. GEE with four different correlation structures including the independent case are developed and compared with each other and with regular Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE). A travel simulator was used. Sixty-five subjects have traveled 10 simulated trial days each on a 40-link realistic network with real historical congestion levels. The results showed that providing traffic information increases the probability of drivers' diversion from their normal routes. Adding advice to the pre-trip and/or en-route information encourages drivers to divert. Providing en-route in addition to the pre-trip information with or without advice increases the diversion probability. High travel time on the normal route and less travel time on the diverted route increase the probability of diversion. High-educated drivers are less likely to divert. Expressway users are more likely to divert from their normal routes under ATIS. Drivers' familiarity with the device that provides the information and high number of traffic signals on the normal route increase the diversion probability.     

基于模拟器的道路安全评价方法

针对在建成道路之前很难对设计道路的安全性进行有效的评价,提出了基于驾驶模拟器对设计道路进行安全评价的主客观评价模型,并对专家意见法、熟练驾驶员评价法和新手评价法三种主观评价方法,视距评价法、眼动评价法、汽车的稳定性评价法和道路线形宜人性评价法四种客观评价方法进行了探讨,分析了两种类型评价方法的优缺点。     

Role of steering wheel feedback on driver performance: driving simulator and modeling analysis

When driving in curves, how do drivers use the force appearing on the steering wheel? As it carries information related to lateral acceleration, this force could be necessary for drivers to tune their internal model of vehicle dynamics; alternatively, being opposed to the drivers' efforts, it could just help them stabilize the steering wheel position. To assess these two hypotheses, we designed an experiment on a motion-based driving simulator. The steering characteristics of the vehicle were modified in the course of driving, unknown to drivers. Results obtained with standard drivers showed a surprisingly wide range of adaptation, except for exaggerated modifications of the steering force feedback. A two-level driver model, combining a preview of vehicle dynamics and a neuromuscular steering control, reproduces these experimental results qualitatively and indicates that adaptation occurs at the haptic level rather than in the internal model of vehicle dynamics. This effect is related to other theories on the manual control of dynamics systems, wherein force feedback characteristics are abstracted at the position control level. This research also illustrates the use of driving simulation for the study of driver behavior and future intelligent steering assistance systems.     

Design of a forced control system for a dynamic road simulator using QFT

This paper presents the road simulator control technology for reproducing a road input signal to implement real road data. The simulator consists of a hydraulic pump, a servo valve, a hydraulic actuator and its control equipment. QFT (Quantitative Control Theory) is utilized to control the simulator effectively. The control system illustrates a tracking performance of the closed-loop controller with a low order transfer function G(s) and a pre-filter F(s) for a parametric uncertainty model. A force controller is designed to communicate the control signal between the simulator and digital controller. Tracking specification is satisfied with upper and lower bound tolerances on the steep response of the system to the reference signal. The efficacy of the QFT force controller is verified through the numerical simulation in which combined dynamics and actuation of the hydraulic servo system are tested. The simulation results show that the proposed control technique works well under an uncertain hydraulic plant system. The conventional software (Labview) is used to make up for the real controller on a real-time basis, and the experimental works show that the proposed algorithm works well for a single road simulator.     

WGMS2003轮机模拟器故障分析及其排除

轮机模拟器的广泛应用及其正常运行,迫切需要对轮机模拟器故障及其排除给予高度重视．这里探讨WGMS2003轮机模拟器运行故障及其排除实录,对于维护好轮机模拟器正常运行,保证教学、科研、培训的需要非常重要．同时对相关轮机模拟器的使用和管理也有一定的参考意义．     

Potential benefits of an adaptive forward collision warning system

Forward collision warning (FCW) systems can reduce rear-end vehicle collisions. However, if the presentation of warnings is perceived as mistimed, trust in the system is diminished and drivers become less likely to respond appropriately. In this driving simulator investigation, 45 drivers experienced two FCW systems: a non-adaptive and an adaptive FCW that adjusted the timing of its alarms according to each individual driver’s reaction time. Whilst all drivers benefited in terms of improved safety from both FCW systems, non-aggressive drivers (low sensation seeking, long followers) did not display a preference to the adaptive FCW over its non-adaptive equivalent. Furthermore, there was little evidence to suggest that the non-aggressive drivers’ performance differed with either system. Benefits of the adaptive system were demonstrated for aggressive drivers (high sensation seeking, short followers). Even though both systems reduced their likelihood of a crash to a similar extent, the aggressive drivers rated each FCW more poorly than their non-aggressive contemporaries. However, this group, with their greater risk of involvement in rear-end collisions, reported a preference for the adaptive system as they found it less irritating and stress-inducing. Achieving greater acceptance and hence likely use of a real system is fundamental to good quality FCW design.     

轮机仿真器的实时自动评估系统

为了客观公正地对学员的操作过程进行评估,在轮机仿真器中安装实时自动评估系统是必要的。文中介绍了轮机仿真器实时评估系统的人机界面,提出了用于进行操作过程评估的评分准则,阐述了计算机评分程序的设计思想和实现方法。基于这种设计思想所开发的自动评估系统已在多套轮机仿真器中使用。