Why are cities removing their freeways? A systematic review of the literature

ABSTRACT

A scientific consensus has recently emerged suggesting that the dominant twentieth century paradigm of solving transportation congestion problems by building more freeways failed. The legacy of the freeway construction era is clearly visible in polluted and congested cities worldwide. To battle these ills, planning academics have been promoting more sustainable built form aligned with dedicated public/active transport provision. Partly as a result of the push coming from academia, a number of cities have sought to remove their freeways and replace the freed up space with alternate transport infrastructure, such as streets and boulevards. To discern if the transportation planning profession is currently undergoing a paradigm shift or whether freeway removal is merely a temporary fad, we have conducted a systematic review of the literature. In this article, we unpack the underlying reasons which have led some cities to removing their freeways. Results reveal that a paradigm shift has arguably not yet taken place in transportation planning. While many cities are creating human-scale and active transport spaces, currently these spaces tend to coexist alongside freeways. American cities, which were once the pioneers of freeway construction, appear to be lagging behind cities in Europe and Asia in this respect. If the current pace of freeway removal continues, it may take a few decades before the transportation planners, politicians, policy makers, and communities adopt radically different norms, methods, and goals. However, a radical approach may need to be taken sooner given alarming global warming predictions.     

潜艇舱室固态胺CO2清除技术的化学热力学分析

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先导溢流阀故障排除一例

叙述了笔者单位LYHT-Ⅱ液压综合试验台,由于先导溢流阀制造误差引起的一个液压系统故障的情况,对该故障进行分析、诊断并介绍了故障的排除方法.     

铁路综合视频图像去雾算法研究与探讨

受雾霾等复杂介质环境影响,铁路视频监控系统获得的视频图像降质严重,使得雾霾天图像复原方法研究成为亟待解决的关键性问题。铁路雾霾视频监控图像具有分辨率低、灰度分布集中等主要特点,深入研究分析直方图均衡算法、Retinex图像增强算法和暗通道先验去雾算法的图像处理原理,分析图像处理效果。利用3种算法对铁路室外图像进行分析处理,结果表明3种算法均可以实现去雾,直方图均衡算法存在颜色失真和光晕现象; Retinex图像增强算法清晰度最好,但处理后的图像存在部分失真;暗通道先验去雾算法处理图像较为自然。     

新材料在防风吹雪走廊防护工程中的应用

从玻璃纤维复合材料的性能分析,建立有限元模型,把一个连续体变成离散体,通过有限个元素来模拟这连续体的受力、变形等情况。预测该区域的应力,更好地确定危险区域的应力分布和应力状态,预测结构的承载能力,进行结构的强度刚度计算,并使之与网架、桩板墙工程变形协调。     

镇江市公路冰雪灾害天气分级预警与处置研究

针对镇江地区的冰雪灾害性天气状况,构建以公路管理部门为主体的部门应急管理体系。依循分级预警体系,构建了分级预警响应方式,对部门内外部应急指挥协调与分工逐步明晰,并且依据灾害管理周期模型,对现有管理方式与政策进行了初步整合,尤其在部门分级预警响应、公共沟通治理、量化问责方面做了新的尝试。     

预应力混凝土系杆拱桥拆除施工技术

随着道路建设的发展,原有的老桥、旧桥拆除维修工程越来越多。文章结合运村大桥拆除重建工程,提出了支架和浮吊相结合的施工方案,并通过实践证明了该方案的可行性,为类似工程施工提供参考。     

A new methodology for vehicle trajectory reconstruction based on wavelet analysis

Vehicle trajectories with high spatial and temporal resolution are known as the most ideal source of data for developing innovative microscopic traffic models. Aside from the method applied for collecting the vehicle trajectories, such data are more or less error-infected. The ever-increasing noise amplitude during the process of deriving the data (such as speed and acceleration) required for developing models, might change or even hide the structure of data and lead to useful information being overlooked. This highlights the importance of presenting the efficient methods which are adequate to remove noise and enhance the quality of vehicle trajectory data. Accordingly, in this paper a simple two-step technique based on wavelet analysis has been recommended for filtering errors and reconstructing trajectory data. Primarily, by using wavelet transform a special treatment was employed to identify and modify the outliers. Next, the noise in trajectory data was eliminated by applying the wavelet-based filter. The results of applying the proposed method to the synthetic noise-infected trajectory and the NGSIM dataset reveal how appropriate its performance is compared with other methodologies in terms of quantitative criteria.     

浅谈人工湿地的应用发展

该文介绍了人工湿地的定义、分类、构造、特点、污染物的去除机理,及其在国内外的应用发展情况。     

新型水封爆破除尘技术试验研究

为更快速有效地清除隧道钻爆施工所产生的粉尘，提出“辅助降尘注水孔方案”、“差异水袋布置方案”、“降尘注水孔+差异水袋布置” 3种新的水封爆破除尘技术方案。依托轿顶隧道进行现场试验，得到初始状态下掌子面区域纵、横向特征位置的粉尘质量浓度，CO、CO2、O2、NO2体积分数分布情况，通风条件下纵向特征位置的粉尘质量浓度、CO体积分数随时间的变化规律，3种新型水封爆破方案下掌子面区域纵、横向特征测试位置的粉尘质量浓度、CO体积分数分布规律。经研究得出如下结论： 1）通风10 min内是粉尘质量浓度、CO体积分数下降最快的阶段； 2）新型水封爆破除尘方案的降尘效果明显，3种方案最大降尘比例依次为36.84%、40.85%、65.74%； 3）降尘注水孔对爆破粉尘可起到良好的“封闭”作用； 4）新型水封爆破方案可起到明显降低CO体积分数的作用。