Factors Controlling the Development of the Aquaculture Industry in New Zealand: Legislative Reform and Social Carrying Capacity

The New Zealand aquaculture sector, consisting of mainly mussel, oyster, and salmon farmers, has been expanding over the last two decades. The increasing demand for water space for marine farming has prompted a process of community consultation and legislative reform resulting in the Aquaculture Reform Act 2004. Despite efforts to develop more effective legislation and improve the application process, marine farmers have often been relatively unsuccessful at gaining the water space that they desire for the expansion of the industry. However, social factors such as landscape and amenity values, recreational and navigational use, and alienation of public space are the most frequently cited reasons for the refusal of marine farm consent applications. An analysis of resource consent decision records from the past decade demonstrates this conclusion that the main factor limiting the further expansion of the aquaculture industry in New Zealand is the social carrying capacity, in the context of a period of legislative transition.     

Economic appraisal of universal design in transport: Experiences from Norway

Economic assessment of universally designed transport projects has not been studied in depth in the transport planning literature. Universal Design (UD) refers to the design of transport systems in a way that they are accessible to all users, irrespective of the users’ abilities. This definition of UD has not yet gained roots in the transport economic literature. The conventional thinking is that UD is for the few, i.e., the impaired, and given that they are few in numbers, UD projects will generally be unprofitable from a socioeconomic point of view because benefits will be low while investment costs will be too high. The objective of this paper is to prove the opposite: UD projects benefit all users of the facility, whether impaired or not, and the additional costs of implementing them are generally low; hence, their net present values are high and positive. We build on collaborative work between the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) and the Institute of Transport Economics (TOI) aimed at creating guidelines for assessing the economic merits of UD projects. Therefore, in this paper, we: (1) define how UD is to be understood in the context of road and public transport; (2) describe the types of benefits and costs that accrue to users if UD projects are implemented; (3) address how the benefits and cost can be valued in monetary terms; and (4) using three different types of projects, demonstrate that UD projects are surprisingly profitable from a socioeconomic point of view. Finally, we address the implications of our findings and explain why governments need to be concerned with UD of transport systems.     

Bottom-up grassroots innovation in transport: motivations,barriers and enablers

Abstract

There is a growing phenomenon of grassroots innovation, that is, that triggered by individual users or communities (physical or virtual) seeking a solution to a personal or societal problem. This has great potential as a new source of sustainable transport innovations, but has received little attention to date. This study conducted 16 in-depth interviews and a workshop with grassroots innovators in transport. A detailed thematic analysis of the interview data identified: catalysts for the idea and the motivation behind its pursuit; the barriers experienced (those that were overcome and those that were not); and the enablers that permitted the innovations to continue and to flourish. The paper concludes by identifying the conditions that need to exist for such innovations to be created, developed and exploited in order that their potential for increasing the sustainability of the transport system can be fulfilled.     

The tax treatment of company cars, commuting and optimal congestion taxes

In Europe, the preferential tax treatment of company cars implies that many employees receive a company car as part of their compensation package. In this paper, we consider a model in which wages and the decision whether or not to provide a company car are the result of direct negotiation between employer and employee. Using this framework, we theoretically and numerically study first- and second-best optimal tax policies on labour and transport markets, focusing on the role of the tax treatment of company cars. We obtain the following results. First, higher labour taxes and a more favourable tax treatment of company cars raise the fraction employees that receives a company car; congestion and congestion tolls reduce it. Second, in countries that provide large implicit subsidies to company cars, eliminating the preferential tax treatment of company cars may be an imperfect but quite effective substitute for currently unavailable congestion tolls. The numerical illustration, calibrated using Belgian data, suggests that it yields about half the welfare gain attainable through optimal congestion taxes. Third, the favourable tax treatment of company cars justifies large public transport subsidies; the numerical results are consistent with zero public transport fares. Finally, we find that earlier models that ignored the preferential tax treatment of company cars may have substantially underestimated optimal congestion tolls in Europe. The numerical illustration suggests that about one third of the optimal congestion toll we obtain can be attributed to the current tax treatment of company cars.     

旅客旅行时间价值在航空票价中的应用

在考虑影响旅客出行选择行为的各种因素时,旅客旅行时间价值是十分重要的因素.提出旅客旅行时间的完整性概念.基于旅客对旅行时间价值不同评价,运用经济学理论对航空公司实行多级票价分析,得出多级票价能够使航空公司和消费者实现双赢,同时对价格歧视失效进行分析.在此基础上,从旅客旅行时间的完整性解释廉价航空以及机舱满员不但不能增大...     

阻燃沥青复合式路面结构经济效益分析

对阻燃沥青复合式路面进行了全面的技术性能分析,结合2009年海河东路地道材料的供应价格,对阻燃复合式路面和半刚性基层沥青路面进行了经济对比分析,得出结论:阻燃复合式长寿命路面是集AC路面与CRCP路面优点于一身,经济合理的一种路面结构。     

基于中心性和PageRank的网页综合评分方法

为准确、高效地对网页进行评分,提出了一种基于中心性(结点度、居间度和紧密度)和PageRank算法的网页评分方法CentralRank.它采用PageRank算法计算网页分数,借助中心性度量的方法计算页面在Web社会网络中的重要性.为了验证CentralRank的性能优势,设计了一个网页抓取器,可利用该抓取器自动、准确地下载网页信息.该网页抓取器集成了网络信息采集、页面内容分析和页面消重3项技术.基于大量真实数据的实验结果表明:CentralRank在保证网页评分时间性能的前提下,比单纯基于中心性的网页评分算法和PageRank算法更准确、有效,预测准确性分别提高约14.2%和7.5%.     

饱和度约束的单点有限公交优先控制策略

为减小公交信号优先对社会车辆的影响,在交叉口不发生交通拥堵的前提下,提出了以饱和度为约束条件的公交车有限优先策略,并建立了非优先相位无绿灯时间补偿和有绿灯时间补偿的两种有限公交优先控制策略.用VISSIM软件对比研究了两种有限公交优先策略与无公交优先策略、绝对公交优先策略的效益.结果表明,在所有场景下,与无公交优先策略...     

高职高专《广告策划与管理》课程教学方法探讨

广告策划与管理课程的教学方法改革要紧紧围绕人才培养目标来进行。改革课程教学方法应以重点培养学生自主学习的能力、踏实的实践能力、创造性的工作能力为核心,在教学中培养和增强学生的专业实践能力,以提高教学效果,使培养的人才适应经济社会发展的需要,文章分析了目前广告策划与管理课程教学方法中存在的问题,并提出三种广告策划管理课程教学方法即项目模拟演练法、案例分析法、社会实践法等,以期达到培养人才的目的。     

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对铁路客运站客流到达、疏散的时空特性进行分析,提出了大型铁路客运站到达旅客疏散仿真概念模型. 从车站到达旅客交通特性出发,在经典社会力模型基础上对旅客站内交通行为进行微观仿真建模,并对模型的行人尺寸和期望速度参数进行了分析和标定. 通过对沈阳铁路局大连站到达旅客疏散仿真实验,得到该站地下通道和南出站口处旅客人数随时间变化的曲线、旅客最高聚集人数95%置信区间和高峰出现的时间,到站旅客换乘时间95%置信区间,找出了存在安全隐患的带状区域和点状区域. 仿真结果表明,模型具有较高的可靠性和实用性.