北京市小汽车社会与个人支付成本比较分析

首先分析了小汽车社会成本与个人支付成本计算指标构成,并考虑现有条件下可获得的数据情况,对部分指标的计算方法进行调整,对于不易直接获取成本额的成本指标,采用市场价格代替成本数据进行估算。然后以北京市各历史年城市客运交通领域的投资等数据为基础,分别计算成本各构成指标,汇总得到北京市2000年、2005年小汽车社会成本和个人支付成本。结果表明,北京市小汽车个人支付成本偏低并且低于社会成本,从一定程度上可解释小汽车出行比例增高的现象。同时说明,可通过一定措施来调整个人支付成本与社会成本的差异,以引导北京市公众出行方式的选择。     

实现人人拥有交通权的出行服务——法国实例

以法国为例,就如何保障弱势群体的交通权利展开探讨。从主管机构的角色分析入手,对其采取的区域政策、社区政策进行了介绍和评价,并分析了公共交通票价补贴政策的变迁及存在的问题。然后从社会工作者角度,归纳了社会工作机构针对弱势群体的交通支持措施的创新类型,分析了创新原则、局限性及面临的挑战。     

《快速公交（BRT）智能系统技术要求》实施效果研究

《快速公交（BRT）智能系统技术要求》以朝阳路和安立路BRT智能系统的建设为出台的重要基础，在运营调度、乘客信息服务、路口信号优先、图像监控、电子设备等十三个方面执行效果良好，大大提高了BRT智能系统建设和运行维护质量，提升了系统运行效率。     

航运企业打造山东船员品牌的几点思考

打造山东船员品牌,对于实现由船员大省向船员强省转变意义重大。笔者就现阶段船员市场存在的问题进行分析,并提出了航运企业在打造船员品牌中的总体工作思路和主要措施。     

Factors Controlling the Development of the Aquaculture Industry in New Zealand: Legislative Reform and Social Carrying Capacity

The New Zealand aquaculture sector, consisting of mainly mussel, oyster, and salmon farmers, has been expanding over the last two decades. The increasing demand for water space for marine farming has prompted a process of community consultation and legislative reform resulting in the Aquaculture Reform Act 2004. Despite efforts to develop more effective legislation and improve the application process, marine farmers have often been relatively unsuccessful at gaining the water space that they desire for the expansion of the industry. However, social factors such as landscape and amenity values, recreational and navigational use, and alienation of public space are the most frequently cited reasons for the refusal of marine farm consent applications. An analysis of resource consent decision records from the past decade demonstrates this conclusion that the main factor limiting the further expansion of the aquaculture industry in New Zealand is the social carrying capacity, in the context of a period of legislative transition.     

Economic appraisal of universal design in transport: Experiences from Norway

Economic assessment of universally designed transport projects has not been studied in depth in the transport planning literature. Universal Design (UD) refers to the design of transport systems in a way that they are accessible to all users, irrespective of the users’ abilities. This definition of UD has not yet gained roots in the transport economic literature. The conventional thinking is that UD is for the few, i.e., the impaired, and given that they are few in numbers, UD projects will generally be unprofitable from a socioeconomic point of view because benefits will be low while investment costs will be too high. The objective of this paper is to prove the opposite: UD projects benefit all users of the facility, whether impaired or not, and the additional costs of implementing them are generally low; hence, their net present values are high and positive. We build on collaborative work between the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) and the Institute of Transport Economics (TOI) aimed at creating guidelines for assessing the economic merits of UD projects. Therefore, in this paper, we: (1) define how UD is to be understood in the context of road and public transport; (2) describe the types of benefits and costs that accrue to users if UD projects are implemented; (3) address how the benefits and cost can be valued in monetary terms; and (4) using three different types of projects, demonstrate that UD projects are surprisingly profitable from a socioeconomic point of view. Finally, we address the implications of our findings and explain why governments need to be concerned with UD of transport systems.     

Bottom-up grassroots innovation in transport: motivations,barriers and enablers

Abstract

There is a growing phenomenon of grassroots innovation, that is, that triggered by individual users or communities (physical or virtual) seeking a solution to a personal or societal problem. This has great potential as a new source of sustainable transport innovations, but has received little attention to date. This study conducted 16 in-depth interviews and a workshop with grassroots innovators in transport. A detailed thematic analysis of the interview data identified: catalysts for the idea and the motivation behind its pursuit; the barriers experienced (those that were overcome and those that were not); and the enablers that permitted the innovations to continue and to flourish. The paper concludes by identifying the conditions that need to exist for such innovations to be created, developed and exploited in order that their potential for increasing the sustainability of the transport system can be fulfilled.     

The tax treatment of company cars, commuting and optimal congestion taxes

In Europe, the preferential tax treatment of company cars implies that many employees receive a company car as part of their compensation package. In this paper, we consider a model in which wages and the decision whether or not to provide a company car are the result of direct negotiation between employer and employee. Using this framework, we theoretically and numerically study first- and second-best optimal tax policies on labour and transport markets, focusing on the role of the tax treatment of company cars. We obtain the following results. First, higher labour taxes and a more favourable tax treatment of company cars raise the fraction employees that receives a company car; congestion and congestion tolls reduce it. Second, in countries that provide large implicit subsidies to company cars, eliminating the preferential tax treatment of company cars may be an imperfect but quite effective substitute for currently unavailable congestion tolls. The numerical illustration, calibrated using Belgian data, suggests that it yields about half the welfare gain attainable through optimal congestion taxes. Third, the favourable tax treatment of company cars justifies large public transport subsidies; the numerical results are consistent with zero public transport fares. Finally, we find that earlier models that ignored the preferential tax treatment of company cars may have substantially underestimated optimal congestion tolls in Europe. The numerical illustration suggests that about one third of the optimal congestion toll we obtain can be attributed to the current tax treatment of company cars.     

旅客旅行时间价值在航空票价中的应用

在考虑影响旅客出行选择行为的各种因素时,旅客旅行时间价值是十分重要的因素.提出旅客旅行时间的完整性概念.基于旅客对旅行时间价值不同评价,运用经济学理论对航空公司实行多级票价分析,得出多级票价能够使航空公司和消费者实现双赢,同时对价格歧视失效进行分析.在此基础上,从旅客旅行时间的完整性解释廉价航空以及机舱满员不但不能增大...     

阻燃沥青复合式路面结构经济效益分析

对阻燃沥青复合式路面进行了全面的技术性能分析,结合2009年海河东路地道材料的供应价格,对阻燃复合式路面和半刚性基层沥青路面进行了经济对比分析,得出结论:阻燃复合式长寿命路面是集AC路面与CRCP路面优点于一身,经济合理的一种路面结构。