城市轨道交通项目后评价体系研究

分析我国城市轨道交通项目后评价的研究现状,建立城市轨道交通项目后评价体系,包括过程后评价、效益和影响后评价、可持续性后评价和综合后评价四个部分,并详细介绍各部分内容。     

沥青混凝土路面预防性养护效益计算及参数

路面预养护效益分析是路面预养护技术的核心,是比选预养护方案和确定实施时机的前提。根据美国等路面预养护效益分析的经验,结合我国公路养护技术水平,对沥青混凝土路面预养护效益分析中的效益指标、效益计算基线和预养护时间范围展开了讨论;进而,提出我国现阶段沥青混凝土路面预养护分析中效益指标选用建议和它们计算下基线的参考值,以及预养护时间范围的控制指标和控制标准的建议值。     

公路隧道互补结合竖井送排的改进型混合通风方式研究

针对特长公路隧道常规分段纵向式通风系统运营费用昂贵的问题,提出采用双洞互补与竖井送排相结合的改进型混合通风方式。在理论分析的前提下给出换气横通道与竖井的合理结合方案,详细推导适用于超出常规双洞互补通风方式限制长度的隧道的改进型混合通风方式计算方法;通过比较传统分段通风方式和改进型混合通风方式的交通风与隧道结构利用效率,对改进型混合通风方案的经济效益进行工程实例分析。结果表明：改进型混合通风方式与常规分段纵向式通风方式相比,前者有效地提高了交通风的利用率,降低了由于交通风太过富余而对隧道通风产生的不利影响,同时减少了资源的浪费;在最不利的行车阻滞工况下,改进型混合通风方式需要通过竖井进行送排的风量之和由1 723.06 m³·s^-1降至804.62 m³·s^-1,降幅达53.3％,有效地减少了轴流风机的功率,降低了对竖井的设计要求;在隧道通风最不利工况下,射流风机的配机功率提高了84%,轴流风机配机功率降低了52.4%,虽然射流风机购置费用增加,但总配机功率仍然减少13.1%,极大地节省了运营费用;在土建方面,改进型混合通风方式增加了2个横风道,取消了部分送排联络通道,相互抵消,但竖井的规模减小,土建费用有所下降;改进型混合通风方式增加了2条排烟通道,解决了双洞互补通风方式中火灾排烟困难的问题。     

中压直流综合电力系统燃油经济性调度策略

由于研究对象、运行要求和调控手段存在差异,陆用电力系统和传统船用电力系统的燃油经济性策略无法直接应用到中压直流综合电力系统中。针对中压直流综合电力系统的能量优化调控需求,建立综合电力系统燃油经济性调度模型,提出基于分层优化方法的系统燃油经济性调度优化算法,实现对整流发电机组出力的优化。同时,提出适用于中压直流综合电力系统燃油经济性优化调度的方法,实现对发电机出力的优化调度,并通过仿真试验验证该方法的有效性。     

城市智能交通管理系统效益评价研究

为了更加科学、全面的反应智能交通管理系统建设项目效益,本文提出包括交通运行状况、交通管理效能、交通安全效益和社会经济效益四个维度的评价指标体系,同时,为了保证评价指标体系具有可操作性,引入相关度的概念来量化各项指标与智能交通管理系统各组成之间的相关程度。基于本文的研究成果,可为今后开展智能交通管理系统项目效益评价工作提供借鉴。     

资源节约环境友好理念在公路大修工程中的实践

依托G15公路松浦二桥以南大修工程,结合公路自身的病害情况,运用资源节约环境友好的设计理念,设计了利用老路废旧材料及护栏构件的工程技术方案;根据交通特性,应用重载交通改性沥青,有效提高了路面结构上面层的高温稳定性和抗疲劳开裂性能。在获得良好路用性能和经济效益的同时,生态环境效益也非常显著。     

The Alternative Motor Fuels Act, alternative-fuel vehicles, and greenhouse gas emissions

The corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standard is the major policy tool to improve the fleet average miles per gallon of automobile manufacturers in the US. The Alternative Motor Fuels Act (AMFA) provides special treatment in calculating the fuel economy of alternative-fuel vehicles to give manufacturers CAFE incentives to produce more alternative-fuel vehicles. AMFA has as its goals an increase in the production of alternative-fuel vehicles and a decrease in gasoline consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper examines theoretically the effects of the program set up under AMFA. It finds that, under some conditions, this program may actually increase the production of fuel-inefficient gasoline vehicles, gasoline consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.     

The Dependency of People on the Great Barrier Reef,Australia

Understanding how people are dependent on Large Scale Marine Protected Areas (LSMPAs) is important for understanding how people might be sensitive to changes that affect these seascapes. We review how resource dependency is conceptualized and propose that it be broadened to include cultural values such as pride in resource status, scientific heritage, appreciation of aesthetics, biodiversity, and lifestyle opportunities. We provide an overview of how local residents (n = 3,181 face-to-face surveys), commercial fishers (n = 210, telephone surveys), and tourism operators (n = 119 telephone surveys) are potentially dependent on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), a region currently experiencing significant environmental, social, and economic change. We found that commercial fishers and tourism operators were dependent not only financially on the GBR, but also because of their age, years in the industry and region, lack of education, and the number of dependents. These stakeholders lacked flexibility to secure alternative employment. All stakeholder groups, regardless of economic imperatives, were dependent on the GBR because of their cultural connections. We propose that resource dependency also provides an umbrella concept to describe the cultural services provided by an ecosystem, which can be described through place-based dependence and place-identity.     

Exploring active transportation investments and associated benefits for municipal budgets: a scoping review

Municipalities play an important role in the planning and development of communities that support active transportation (AT), which refers to human-powered modes of travel, such as walking and cycling. Municipal-level stakeholders involved in land-use and transportation infrastructure planning consider multiple social, environmental and economic considerations to inform decision-making and investments in AT. Evidence around the fiscal benefits of AT investment for local governments has not been systematically identified. This scoping review sought to explore the existing evidence regarding investments in AT and opportunities for savings on municipal expenditures and revenue generation. In total, 7060 records were located and screened; of which 162 full-text articles were reviewed. Ultimately, 23 articles met our inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The available evidence focuses on potential economic benefits of AT in the areas of tax revenues, property values, consumer spending and employment, all of which are relevant sources of revenue generation in municipal operating budgets. An evidence gap was identified regarding AT infrastructure investments and benefits corresponding to municipal expenditures (e.g. maintenance cost savings). Notably, a large portion of literature was published after 2009, suggesting that municipal-level evidence on the fiscal benefits of AT investments may just be emerging.     

疏浚助推经济与城市可持续发展

回顾中外疏浚业发展史,尤其是中国近现代民族疏浚业起步、萧条、恢复、发展的艰辛历程。从城市产业支撑、城市空间发展、城市环境治理的角度,介绍现代疏浚业对社会经济和城市建设的巨大作用,阐述疏浚在城市可持续发展过程中肩负的重要使命——让城市更宜居、让环境更美好。