Spectral and time‐frequency analyses of freeway traffic flow

This paper uses spectral and time‐frequency analyses to treat three macroscopic traffic characteristics, namely, time mean speed, volume and occupancy as stochastic processes. Spectral and time‐frequency analyses are performed to characterize power spectral density (PSD), cross‐PSD, autocorrelation and cross‐correlation of these characteristics using TransGuide traffic data collected from four different freeways. It is found that low‐frequency components dominate the PSDs of speed, volume and occupancy at all times. The magnitude of PSDs decreases dramatically as frequency increases and remains almost at a constant level in high‐frequency regimes. A power law is found to exist, which describes the relationship between the frequency and the PSD of traffic characteristics. It is also found that speed can be properly modeled by a narrowband low‐pass stochastic process in a low‐frequency regime and by a nonzero mean white noise in a high‐frequency regime. Strong periodicities and synchronization are both shown in traffic flow. A variety of frequencies can be excited by congestion, and there is no dominant frequency found in stop‐and‐go traffic. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Future electricity demand from battery‐powered vehicles

An important decision faced by airline schedulers is how to adapt the flight schedule and aircraft assignment to unforeseen perturbations in an established schedule. In the face of unforeseen aircraft delays, schedulers have to decide which flights to delay, and when delays become excessive, which to cancel. Current scheduling models deal with simple decision problems of delay or cancellation, but not with both simultaneously. But in practice the optimal decision may involve results from the integration of both flight cancellations and delays. In Part I of this paper, a quadratic programming model for the integration decision problem is given. The model can formulate the integration of flight cancellations and delays as well as some special cases, such as the ferrying of surplus aircraft and the possibility of swapping different types of aircraft. In this paper, based on the special structure of the model, an effective algorithm is presented, sufficient computational experiments are conducted and some results are reported. These show that we can expect to obtain a sufficiently good solution in terms of reasonable CPU time.     

环境约束下中国交通运输业产能利用测算

测度交通运输业产能利用可帮助交通行业应对产能优化和节能减排的双重挑战，实现高质量发展。研究旨在环境约束视角下，构建一个普适性的产能利用（CU）评价框架，并用于交通运输业产能利用测度研究。将交通运输业能源消耗量和CO₂排放量纳入产能利用评价框架，采用改进的基于数据包络分析的差分法，测度2011~2017年中国交通运输业产能利用。研究结果表明：①2011~2017年间中国交通运输业平均CU值为0.026 0，并以2014年为临界点，呈现先降后增的趋势，这表明中国交通运输业确实存在产能利用不足的问题，且2015~2017年非常严重；②交通运输业产能利用水平区域差异化显著，研究期内与中国其他地区的CU水平相比，西南地区产能利用不足问题最严重；③与原始差分法的测度结果进行对比，所提出的改进方法更具合理性和先进性；④推动交通技术创新发展和合理规划交通资源是产能利用水平提升的关键途径。该研究为制定交通运输业产能利用提升的政策提供科学依据，对建立完善的交通运输业产能利用监测体系具有实际指导意义，有利于实现中国交通运输业产能利用水平整体的提升。     

Bi-objective routing problem with asymmetrical travel time distributions

Recent studies have confirmed that travelers consider travel time reliability in addition to average travel time when making route choice decisions. In this study, we develop a bi-objective routing model that seeks to simultaneously optimize the average travel time and travel time reliability. The semi-standard deviation (SSD) is chosen as the reliability measure because it reflects travelers' concerns over longer travel time better than the commonly used standard deviation. The Pareto-optimal solutions to the bi-objective model are found by using an improved strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm. Tests on a real-world urban network with field measured travel time data have demonstrated good performance of the algorithm in the aspects, such as computational efficiency, quick convergence, and closeness to the global Pareto-optimal. Overall, the bi-objective routing model generates reasonable path recommendations. The SSD-based model is sensitive to the asymmetry of travel time distribution and tends to avoid paths with excessively long delays. This would be particularly helpful to those users placing high values on travel time reliability.     

隧道微差爆破的延时计算及电子雷管减振应用

为实现复杂环境下隧道爆破减振,根据微差爆破延时计算理论,综合考虑围岩的物理力学参数及隧道爆破施工参数,提出采用电子雷管进行微差爆破的延时计算方法。研究起爆药量对爆破地震波振速和主频的影响,并将研究成果应用到成渝客专新红岩隧道爆破工程中。结果表明： 1）微差爆破的合理延时需要考虑岩石破碎及沿裂缝扩展到掌子面并抛掷足够距离的时间; 2）采用微差爆破延时计算方法,可合理设置电子雷管延时,实现单孔间隔微差爆破,有效降低峰值振速、提高振动主频; 3）在新红岩隧道爆破工程中,采用电子雷管爆破相比毫秒非电雷管爆破振速减小60%以上,证明电子雷管微差爆破延时计算方法的准确性和合理性。     

顶部张紧式立管干涉分析

顶部张紧式立管（TTR）是油气开发必不可少的立管类型。研究了南海1500米水深半潜式干树深水平台TTR的概念设计,使用ORCAFLEX软件建立TTR的干涉分析非线性时域分析模型,基于Huse尾流模型,分析了浪流方向为0°,45°,90°,135°和180°的100年一遇环境载荷下的立管间距。结果表明,浪流方向为0°时立管最小间距小于TTR最大外径之和,发生干涉,其他方向不发生干涉。TTR为阵列式设计的立管群,应当从多方面因素考虑以避免干涉发生的危险,合理安排立管间距、调整TTF等措施可以有效减小干涉发生的可能。     

SPH-ALE 方法在数值造波中的应用研究

应用传统的 SPH 方法处理数值造波问题有一定的局限性,波浪在传播过程中由于能量耗散会出现衰减,且粒子压力场存在数值震荡。该文基于 SPH-ALE（Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian）方法,提出了一种适用于黎曼解算法的时间积分方法,详细论述了对自由面粒子的捕捉方法。采用 SPH-ALE 方法分别对规则波传播、强非线性波的破碎、孤立波生成及在斜坡上的破碎进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明,该方法可以有效地解决波浪衰减及压力场不稳定问题,并且可以有效捕捉波浪破碎的瞬时形态。     

基于FGU的船体变形测量技术中时间延迟补偿方法研究

基于光纤惯性测量单元(Fiber Gyro Unit,简称FGU)的角速率匹配法是船体变形测量技术的发展方向,但是在实际应用中两套测量单元之间存在时间延迟,会影响船体变形测量精度。该文分析了时间延迟的产生机理以及时间延迟对变形估计的影响。并基于二阶马尔科夫模型对船体变形建模,建立卡尔曼滤波状态方程和量测方程,提出了一种时间延迟补偿方法,将时间延迟扩充为状态量,对其进行实时的估计和补偿。最后通过仿真并结合实船试验数据,对比分析了时间延迟补偿前后的变形估计效果,验证了此方法的有效性。     

船用EH36板两层两道焊接温度场分布

运用大型有限元分析软件Abaqus,对船用钢板EH36平板CO2气体保护焊的温度场进行三维动态分析。以8 mm EH36平板为研究对象,考虑材料的热物理性能和对流、辐射散热的影响,建立Y型坡口对接两层两道焊模型,利用过渡网格技术划分网格,采用双椭球热源模型和"单元生死"技术实现焊缝填充的动态过程。得到EH36温度场的分布规律,并研究层间冷却时间对焊接温度场的影响。     

受通信延迟影响的多UUV队形控制

研究带统一通信延迟的多UUV队形控制。根据奈奎斯特准则和代数图论,提出一种与通信拓扑和通信时延有关的队形控制算法。该算法具有分布式特点,对具有双向通信拓扑和统一通信延迟的多UUV系统,能够使所有UUV的速度和位置渐近地收敛至期望值,从而达到稳定的期望队形。数值仿真结果证实所提队形控制方法的有效性。